Best practices for fNIRS publications

Yücel, Meryem A.; Lühmann, Alexander von; Scholkmann, Felix; Gervain, Judit; Dan, Ippeita; Ayaz, Hasan; Boas, David A.; Cooper, Robert J.; Culver, Joseph P.; Elwell, Clare E.; Eggebrecht, Adam T.; Franceschini, Maria Angela; Grova, Christophe; Homae, Fumitaka; Lesage, Frédéric; Obrig, Hellmuth; Tachtsidis, Ilias; Tak, Sungho; Tong, Yunjie; Torricelli, Alessandro; Wabnitz, Heidrun; Wolf, Martin

doi:10.1117/1.nph.8.1.012101

Cited by 190 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…When short-separation channels are not available in the fNIRS setup, applying a signal processing method to remove physiological confounds (e.g., PCA or global signal regression) is a recommended alternative. 91 This preprocessing step is necessary to account for the effects of widespread systemic physiological confounds that are commonly observed in fNIRS recordings. 57 , 58 , 91 As seen from the individual quality assessment figures (see the Supplementary Material ), global signal regression removes physiological components that would otherwise artificially increase global connectivity, thus increasing the risk for false positives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 91 This preprocessing step is necessary to account for the effects of widespread systemic physiological confounds that are commonly observed in fNIRS recordings. 57 , 58 , 91 As seen from the individual quality assessment figures (see the Supplementary Material ), global signal regression removes physiological components that would otherwise artificially increase global connectivity, thus increasing the risk for false positives. Future work should specifically address what method is more appropriate to remove physiological confounds in developmental populations, where this issue has usually not been considered and where fNIRS setups including short-separation channels are less feasible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Group-level cortical functional connectivity patterns using fNIRS: assessing the effect of bilingualism in young infants

et al. 2021

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. Significance: Early monolingual versus bilingual experience induces adaptations in the development of linguistic and cognitive processes, and it modulates functional activation patterns during the first months of life. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is a convenient approach to study the functional organization of the infant brain. RSFC can be measured in infants during natural sleep, and it allows to simultaneously investigate various functional systems. Adaptations have been observed in RSFC due to a lifelong bilingual experience. Investigating whether bilingualism-induced adaptations in RSFC begin to emerge early in development has important implications for our understanding of how the infant brain’s organization can be shaped by early environmental factors. Aims: We attempt to describe RSFC using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and to examine whether it adapts to early monolingual versus bilingual environments. We also present an fNIRS data preprocessing and analysis pipeline that can be used to reliably characterize RSFC in development and to reduce false positives and flawed results interpretations. Methods: We measured spontaneous hemodynamic brain activity in a large cohort ( ) of 4-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants using fNIRS. We implemented group-level approaches based on independent component analysis to examine RSFC, while providing proper control for physiological confounds and multiple comparisons. Results: At the group level, we describe the functional organization of the 4-month-old infant brain in large-scale cortical networks. Unbiased group-level comparisons revealed no differences in RSFC between monolingual and bilingual infants at this age. Conclusions: High-quality fNIRS data provide a means to reliably describe RSFC patterns in the infant brain. The proposed group-level RSFC analyses allow to assess differences in RSFC across experimental conditions. An effect of early bilingual experience in RSFC was not observed, suggesting that adaptations might only emerge during explicit linguistic tasks, or at a later point in development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group-level cortical functional connectivity patterns using fNIRS: assessing the effect of bilingualism in young infants

et al. 2021

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“…An alternative approach may be to prefilter the data. 69 A GLM was performed on the data with this design matrix, including the use of a fourth-order auto-regressive noise model, generating channel-level data that were used to construct a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Channel-level data were then combined into a ROI by applying a weighted-average procedure to the estimated coefficients, in which each channel was weighted by the inverse of the standard error of the GLM fit for individual channels.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis methods for measuring passive auditory fNIRS responses generated by a block-design paradigm

et al. 2021

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. Significance: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an increasingly popular tool in auditory research, but the range of analysis procedures employed across studies may complicate the interpretation of data. Aim: We aim to assess the impact of different analysis procedures on the morphology, detection, and lateralization of auditory responses in fNIRS. Specifically, we determine whether averaging or generalized linear model (GLM)-based analysis generates different experimental conclusions when applied to a block-protocol design. The impact of parameter selection of GLMs on detecting auditory-evoked responses was also quantified. Approach: 17 listeners were exposed to three commonly employed auditory stimuli: noise, speech, and silence. A block design, comprising sounds of 5 s duration and 10 to 20 s silent intervals, was employed. Results: Both analysis procedures generated similar response morphologies and amplitude estimates, and both indicated that responses to speech were significantly greater than to noise or silence. Neither approach indicated a significant effect of brain hemisphere on responses to speech. Methods to correct for systemic hemodynamic responses using short channels improved detection at the individual level. Conclusions: Consistent with theoretical considerations, simulations, and other experimental domains, GLM and averaging analyses generate the same group-level experimental conclusions. We release this dataset publicly for use in future development and optimization of algorithms.

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“…Despite our presented findings are interesting, this study has limitations which warrant further discussion. Firstly, even if we have account for the confounding influence of superficial blood flow by a short-separation channel regression, it is recommended that future studies should consider to quantify additional physiological parameters (e.g., blood pressure, respiration rate, skin conductance) to assess the influence of systemic physiological changes more comprehensively (also referred to as 'systemic physiological augmented fNIRS' [128][129][130][131][132][133]) which, in turn, can reduce the risk of 'false positive' findings in fNIRS studies [80]. Secondly, although the sample size in the current study is in the range of comparable investigations [30], it is relatively small.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical hemodynamics as a function of handgrip strength and cognitive performance: a cross-sectional fNIRS study in younger adults

et al. 2021

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Background There is growing evidence for a positive correlation between measures of muscular strength and cognitive abilities. However, the neurophysiological correlates of this relationship are not well understood so far. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical hemodynamics [i.e., changes in concentrations of oxygenated (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb)] as a possible link between measures of muscular strength and cognitive performance. Methods In a cohort of younger adults (n = 39, 18–30 years), we assessed (i) handgrip strength by a handhold dynamometer, (ii) short-term working memory performance by using error rates and reaction times in the Sternberg task, and (iii) cortical hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results We observed low to moderate negative correlations (rp = ~ − 0.38 to − 0.51; p < 0.05) between reaction time and levels of oxyHb in specific parts of the PFC. Furthermore, we noticed low to moderate positive correlations (rp = ~ 0.34 to 0.45; p < 0.05) between reaction times and levels of deoxyHb in distinct parts of the PFC. Additionally, higher levels of oxyHb (rp (35) = 0.401; p = 0.014) and lower levels of deoxyHb (rp (34) = − 0.338; p = 0.043) in specific parts of the PFC were linked to higher percentage of correct answers. We also found low to moderate correlations (p < 0.05) between measures of handgrip strength and levels of oxyHb (rp = ~ 0.35; p < 0.05) and levels of deoxyHb (rp = ~ − 0.25 to − 0.49; p < 0.05) in specific parts of the PFC. However, there was neither a correlation between cognitive performance and handgrip strength nor did cortical hemodynamics in the PFC mediate the relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive performance (p > 0.05). Conclusion The present study provides evidence for a positive neurobehavioral relationship between cortical hemodynamics and cognitive performance. Our findings further imply that in younger adults higher levels of handgrip strength positively influence cortical hemodynamics although the latter did not necessarily culminate in better cognitive performance. Future research should examine whether the present findings can be generalized to other cohorts (e.g., older adults).

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Best practices for fNIRS publications

Cited by 190 publications

References 162 publications

Group-level cortical functional connectivity patterns using fNIRS: assessing the effect of bilingualism in young infants

Group-level cortical functional connectivity patterns using fNIRS: assessing the effect of bilingualism in young infants

Analysis methods for measuring passive auditory fNIRS responses generated by a block-design paradigm

Cortical hemodynamics as a function of handgrip strength and cognitive performance: a cross-sectional fNIRS study in younger adults

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