Extinctions in ancient and modern seas

Harnik, Paul G.; Lotze, Heike K.; Anderson, Sean C.; Finkel, Zoe V.; Finnegan, Seth; Lindberg, David R.; Liow, Lee Hsiang; Lockwood, Rowan; McClain, Craig R.; McGuire, Jenny L.; O’Dea, Aaron; Pandolfi, John M.; Simpson, Carl; Tittensor, Derek P.

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.010

Cited by 226 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…North Pacific were minimal in the Plio-Pleistocene interval (Valentine and Jablonski, 1991;Jacobs et al, 2004;Harnik et al, 2012), marine birds and marine mammals fared differently. Bony toothed birds (Pelagornithidae) disappeared at the end of the Pliocene in the eastern North Pacific (Boessenecker and Smith, 2011) and sulids (boobies and gannets) and the flightless auk Mancalla became extinct in the region during the Late Pleistocene (Warheit, 1992), possibly owing to competition for shoreline haul out and breeding space with newly arriving otariids and elephant seals (Warheit and Lindberg, 1988).…”

Section: Although Extinctions Among Invertebrates and Some Vertebratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unclear at present what fostered the persistence of Herpetocetus along with members of the modern marine mammal fauna, and better understanding of its feeding ecology is necessary as changes in continental shelf area caused by high-amplitude changes in sea level may have influenced the ecology and abundance of resources for mysticetes and other marine mammals during the past two million years (Pyenson and Lindberg, 2011). Further discoveries of Pleistocene marine mammals are necessary to improve our understanding of marine mammal extinctions ultimately leading to the current faunal configuration (Boessenecker, 2011b;Valenzuela-Toro et al, 2013), as well as to establish a 'deep time' context for interpreting broad ecological changes which currently affect modern marine mammals (Harnik et al, 2012).…”

Section: Although Extinctions Among Invertebrates and Some Vertebratementioning

confidence: 99%

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Pleistocene survival of an archaic dwarf baleen whale (Mysticeti: Cetotheriidae)

Boessenecker

2013

Naturwissenschaften

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Pliocene baleen whale assemblages are characterized by a mix of early records of extant mysticetes, extinct genera within modern families, and late surviving members of the extinct family Cetotheriidae. Although Pleistocene baleen whales are poorly known, thus far they include only fossils of extant genera, indicating late Pliocene extinctions of numerous mysticetes alongside other marine mammals. Here, a new fossil of the late Neogene cetotheriid mysticete Herpetocetus is reported from the Lower to Middle Pleistocene Falor Formation of Northern California. This find demonstrates that at least one archaic mysticete survived well into the Quaternary Period, indicating a recent loss of a unique niche and a more complex pattern of Plio-Pleistocene faunal overturn for marine mammals than has been previously acknowledged. This discovery also lends indirect support to the hypothesis that the pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata) is an extant cetotheriid, as it documents another cetotheriid nearly surviving to modern times.

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Section: Although Extinctions Among Invertebrates and Some Vertebratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Although Extinctions Among Invertebrates and Some Vertebratementioning

confidence: 99%

Pleistocene survival of an archaic dwarf baleen whale (Mysticeti: Cetotheriidae)

Boessenecker

2013

Naturwissenschaften

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“…We have very high confidence that climate change during the last several decades has influenced the abundance, phenology, and geographic ranges for a wide assortment of species (7-10). Further increases in global temperature may result in significant and nonreversible changes to many populations and communities (11,12). If dispersal rates are rapid relative to the rate of evolutionary adaptation, changes in climate will result in local species being displaced by nonresident species from a regional pool of species that are better adapted to the new conditions (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton adapt to changing ocean environments

Irwin

Finkel

Muller‐Karger

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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112

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Model projections indicate that climate change may dramatically restructure phytoplankton communities, with cascading consequences for marine food webs. It is currently not known whether evolutionary change is likely to be able to keep pace with the rate of climate change. For simplicity, and in the absence of evidence to the contrary, most model projections assume species have fixed environmental preferences and will not adapt to changing environmental conditions on the century scale. Using 15 y of observations from Station CARIACO (Carbon Retention in a Colored Ocean), we show that most of the dominant species from a marine phytoplankton community were able to adapt their realized niches to track average increases in water temperature and irradiance, but the majority of species exhibited a fixed niche for nitrate. We do not know the extent of this adaptive capacity, so we cannot conclude that phytoplankton will be able to adapt to the changes anticipated over the next century, but community ecosystem models can no longer assume that phytoplankton cannot adapt.phytoplankton | realized niches | climate change | evolution D uring the last several decades, global land temperature has increased by ∼0.3°C per decade (1), and a further increase in global mean air temperatures of 1.1-6.4°C is expected by 2100 (2). The warming of the oceans is resulting in spatially variable changes in sea surface temperature (3, 4), salinity, mixed-layer depth, and the distribution of nutrients. Ocean time series sampled on a monthly basis document intra-and interannual changes in physical forcing and biogeochemistry, providing crucial data for formulating ecosystem models and characterizing how ecosystems respond to climate change (5, 6). We have very high confidence that climate change during the last several decades has influenced the abundance, phenology, and geographic ranges for a wide assortment of species (7-10). Further increases in global temperature may result in significant and nonreversible changes to many populations and communities (11,12). If dispersal rates are rapid relative to the rate of evolutionary adaptation, changes in climate will result in local species being displaced by nonresident species from a regional pool of species that are better adapted to the new conditions (13). When modelers project changes in biotic communities under climate change scenarios, they generally assume that each species has a genetically determined fixed environmental niche and that species' spatial and temporal distributions will be determined by environmental conditions (14-17). A recent model of this type predicts a loss of a third of tropical phytoplankton strains by 2100 with a ∼2°C increase in mean temperature (11); however, paleoecological studies indicate organisms may be much more resilient to climate change than these types of models suggest (18,19).Local populations may be able to acclimate physiologically and then adapt through evolutionary change to gradual climate shifts. We do not know the constraints or timescales req...

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“…Our results suggest that such data may be crucial for understanding their apparent contrast in evolutionary dynamics. More generally, our analyses add to the wide array of studies that have drawn a richer understanding from the geologic record into the nature and origins of present-day diversity patterns (3,4,6,25,36,51,55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Another potentially general factor may be variation in the size of geographic ranges among Pliocene species; extinction risk has proven to be inversely related to geographic range size in many paleontological analyses (50,51). For the Virginian faunas, Pliocene species that are now regionally or globally extinct had significantly narrower ranges than those that persisted in the region (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence, divergence, and parallelism in marine biodiversity trends: Integrating present-day and fossil data

Huang

Roy

Valentine

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Paleontological data provide essential insights into the processes shaping the spatial distribution of present-day biodiversity. Here, we combine biogeographic data with the fossil record to investigate the roles of parallelism (similar diversities reached via changes from similar starting points), convergence (similar diversities reached from different starting points), and divergence in shaping the present-day latitudinal diversity gradients of marine bivalves along the two North American coasts. Although both faunas show the expected overall poleward decline in species richness, the trends differ between the coasts, and the discrepancies are not explained simply by present-day temperature differences. Instead, the fossil record indicates that both coasts have declined in overall diversity over the past 3 My, but the western Atlantic fauna suffered more severe Pliocene−Pleistocene extinction than did the eastern Pacific. Tropical western Atlantic diversity remains lower than the eastern Pacific, but warm temperate western Atlantic diversity recovered to exceed that of the temperate eastern Pacific, either through immigration or in situ origination. At the clade level, bivalve families shared by the two coasts followed a variety of paths toward today's diversities. The drivers of these lineage-level differences remain unclear, but species with broad geographic ranges during the Pliocene were more likely than geographically restricted species to persist in the temperate zone, suggesting that past differences in geographic range sizes among clades may underlie between-coast contrasts. More detailed comparative work on regional extinction intensities and selectivities, and subsequent recoveries (by in situ speciation or immigration), is needed to better understand present-day diversity patterns and model future changes.B iodiversity is spatially structured at many scales. Biogeographic realms and provinces, the partitioning of species among environments within biogeographic units, and genetic population structure within species are all manifestations of the ecological and evolutionary processes that generate and maintain diversity in terrestrial and marine systems. For most terrestrial and marine organisms, the first-order global diversity pattern is the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG): the increase in the number of species and higher taxa from the poles to the tropics (1). This gradient, as seen today, has been shaped by a combination of origination, extinction, and past geographic shifts of taxa; all of these variables might differ among clades, functional groups, and land masses or ocean basins (2-7), even when the overall LDG is similar. Thus, a mechanistic understanding of the present-day LDG in general, and along specific equator−pole transects, for distinctive regional faunas, and for individual clades, cannot be divorced from its history.The need for historical data is underscored by the differences and similarities among related clades that broadly conform to the LDG. As in many evolutionary question...

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Extinctions in ancient and modern seas

Cited by 226 publications

References 84 publications

Pleistocene survival of an archaic dwarf baleen whale (Mysticeti: Cetotheriidae)

Pleistocene survival of an archaic dwarf baleen whale (Mysticeti: Cetotheriidae)

Phytoplankton adapt to changing ocean environments

Convergence, divergence, and parallelism in marine biodiversity trends: Integrating present-day and fossil data

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