Intramuscular and subcutaneous lipid fatty acid profile composition in male and female foals

Lipid, fatty acid and carotenoid content of edible egg yolks from avian species: A comparative study

“…Ostrich Turkey Quail Duck Goose C8:0 --0.06 ± 0.02 --C10:0 0.07 ± 0.01a 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.10 ± 0.01b 0.20 ± 0.01c 0.30 ± 0.01d C12:0 0.03 ± 0.01a ----C14:0 0.65 ± 0.02a 0.54 ± 0.07b 0.55 ± 0.03b 0.80 ± 0.01c 0.73 ± 0.01d C14:1 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.11 ± 0.01b 0.09 ± 0.01a 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.06 ± 0.00c iso-C15:0 -0.02 ± 0.00a -0.05 ± 0.00b -C15:0 0.13 ± 0.01a 0.16 ± 0.02a 0.05 ± 0.00b 0.05 ± 0.00b 0.10 ± 0.00c C15:1x-5 -0.01 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00b --C16:0 32.84 ± 0.66a 28.73 ± 0.56b 30.80 ± 0.97c 32.64 ± 0.10a 31.78 ± 0.10d iso-C16:0 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.57 ± 0.06b 0.94 ± 0.04c 0.73 ± 0.01d 1.03 ± 0.01e C16:1x-9 cis 8.49 ± 0.19a 3.75 ± 0.12bc 3.84 ± 0.13b 3.65 ± 0.05c 5.01 ± 0.07d iso-C17:0 0.07 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01b 0.05 ± 0.01a --cyclo-C17:0 ----0.15 ± 0.01 C17:0 0.19 ± 0.02a 0.44 ± 0.02b 0.18 ± 0.01a 0.17 ± 0.01a 0.15 ± 0.01c C17:1x-7 cis 0.11 ± 0.01a 0.16 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01c 0.10 ± 0.01a 0.15 ± 0.01b C18:0 5.57 ± 0.54a 6.07 ± 0.35a 6.43 ± 0.47a 2.27 ± 0.02b 4.84 ± 0.05c C18:1x-9 cis 38.82 ± 0.78a 44.45 ± 0.73b 42.09 ± 0.81c 44.71 ± 0.45b 41.42 ± 0.40c C18:1x-7 cis 1.75 ± 0.04a 1.46 ± 0.04b 1.36 ± 0.12b 1.05 ± 0.02c 1.42 ± 0.02b C18:2x-6 c-9,tr-11 0.11 ± 0.01a 0.06 ± 0.00b 0.17 ± 0.02c 0.06 ± 0.00b 0.09 ± 0.01a C18:2x-6 cis 8.18 ± 0.19a 7.50 ± 0.40b 8.86±.34c 8.24 ± 0.08a 6.69 ± 0.06d C18:3x-6 cis 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.30 ± 0.01b 0.28 ± 0.04b 0.21 ± 0.01c 0.29 ± 0.01b C18:3x-3 cis 0.36 ± 0.01a 0.76 ± 0.03b 0.36 ± 0.01a 0.53 ± 0.02c 1.58 ± 0.04d C18:4x-3 cis 0.11 ± 0.01ad 0.10 ± 0.01a 0.04 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01c 0.12 ± 0.01d C19:0 0.05 ± 0.00a 0.03 ± 0.00b 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.05 ± 0.00a 0.06 ± 0.00d C20:0 0.02 ± 0.00a 0.04 ± 0.00b 0.04 ± 0.00b 0.29 ± 0.01c 0.26 ± 0.01d C20:1x-9 cis 0.16 ± 0.01a 0.11 ± 0.01b 0.09 ± 0.01b 0.20 ± 0.01c 0.11 ± 0.01b C20:2x-6 cis 0.18 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01b 0.10 ± 0.00c 0.04 ± 0.00d 0.05 ± 0.00e C20:3x-6 cis 0.05 ± 0.00a 0.08 ± 0.01b 0.13 ± 0.01c 0.40 ± 0.01d 0.06 ± 0.00e C20:4x-6 cis 1.48 ± 0.02a 2.29 ± 0.06b 2.37 ± 0.08b 2.09 ± 0.04c 1.98 ± 0.03d C20:5x-3 cis -0.05 ± 0.01a 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.09 ± 0.01c 0.10 ± 0.01c C22:0 -0.05 ± 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.00b --C22:5x-6 cis 0.09 ± 0.01a 0.19 ± 0.01b 0.23 ± 0.01c 0.24 ± 0.01c 0.81 ± 0.02d C22:5x-3 cis 0.11 ± 0.01a 0.45 ± 0.06b 0.27 ± 0.02c 0.29 ± 0.01c 0.09 ± 0.01a C24:0 -0.18 ± 0.01a 0.16 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01b 0.11 ± 0.00c C22:6x-3 cis 0.10 ± 0.01a 1.03 ± 0.04b 0.78 ± 0.02c 0.54 ± 0.01d 0.50 ± 0.01e C24:1x-9 cis 0.03 ± 0.00 ---- feature arising from the egg yolk lipid profile in this study (Table 5) were the low or quite similar values for both the atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indices, when compared to other meat product or seafood (Sarriés, Beriain, Troy, & Beriain, 2006;Vacca et al, 2008;Valfre, Caprino, & Turchini, 2003). The AI and TI values of the egg yolk lipids differed significantly among species, and varied from 0.46 to 0.55, and from 0.94 to 1.22, respectively ( Table 5).…”

Horse-meat for human consumption — Current research and future opportunities

“…In the data published by Santos et al (2013), vaccenic acid (VA; 11t-18:1) and 6-8t-18:1 were reported as major trans-18:1 isomers, while branched-chain FAs (BCFAs) were also found in the bacterial (liquid and solid associated-) fractions. On the other hand, others have reported 9t-and 11t-18:1 as major 18:1 isomers in horse fat (Lanza et al, 2009;Sarriés et al, 2006), but there was no mention of the individual or total contents of BCFAs in horse. Our results from SC and muscle FA analyses support the muscle data published by Lanza et al (2009), indicating that the content of 9t-was higher than 11t-18:1.…”

“…For most of the studies, post-mortem IM fat composition of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle was reported (Badiani et al, 1997;De Palo, Tateo, Maggiolino, & Centoducati, 2014;Franco, Crecente, Vázquez, Gómez & Lorenzo, 2013;Guil-Guerrero et al, 2013a;He et al, 2005;Juárez et al, 2009;Lanza, Landi, Scerra, Galofaro, & Pennisi, 2009;Lorenzo et al, 2010;Lorenzo & Pateiro, 2013;Pinto, Schiavone, & Marsico, 2004;Sarriés, Murray, Troy, & Beriain, 2006;Tateo et al, 2008;Tonial et al, 2009). However, Hess et al (2012) also determined the ante-mortem FA profile from biopsies taken from the gluteus medius muscle.…”

“…However, Hess et al (2012) also determined the ante-mortem FA profile from biopsies taken from the gluteus medius muscle. From the aforementioned studies, only few reported the SC fat profile (Table 2 shaded; Guil-Guerrero et al, 2013a;He et al, 2005;Juárez et al, 2009;Sarriés et al, 2006;Tateo et al, 2008). The FA profiles of colostrum (average of two lactation days) and milk (average of six lactation months) of primitive horses (Pikul, Wójtowski, Danków, Kuczyńska, & Łojek, 2008) were also included for purpose of comparison.…”

“…The saturated fatty acid content varied from 34.2% to 47.8%, while the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content ranged from 16.4% to 50.2%; this variability was generally accounted for by differences related to animal age and feeding strategies. Oleic acid (9c-18:1) was the major cis-MUFA representing between 70 and 90% of the total MUFA, while trans-MUFAs were reported only in a few studies (Lanza et al, 2009;Sarriés et al, 2006). Of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), only the 9c,11t-and 10t,12c-18:2 isomers were reported in some studies (He et al, 2005;Juárez et al, 2009;Lanza et al, 2009).…”