Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks

Nilsson, Mikael; Holst, Jens J.; Björck, Inger

doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.996

Cited by 316 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It has previously been shown that GLP-1 is released by both fat and protein, whereas for GIP, fat but not protein ingestion has been thought to be a strong stimulus for secretion (4,14,20,24,27). However, we now show that protein also has the ability to markedly stimulate GIP release.…”

Section: Ajp-endocrinol Metabcontrasting

confidence: 42%

“…Therefore, we cannot exclude a change in arterial glycemia. Third, blood sampling was continued for 5 h for comparison of long-term effects, i.e., much longer than in earlier studies (14,27). For most of the parameters measured, use of this 5-h observation period enabled us to observe the entire endocrine response to macronutrient ingestion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies have focused on responses to an oral glucose tolerance test, after which levels of GIP, GLP-1, and insulin rise, whereas glucagon levels are suppressed (4,18,20, 24). It is also known that fat and protein ingestion stimulate GLP-1 and GIP secretion (10,14,20,27). Less is known, however, regarding relationships between the incretin responses and changes in insulin and glucagon levels after meal or noncarbohydrate macronutrient ingestions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incretin and islet hormonal responses to fat and protein ingestion in healthy men

Carr

Larsen²,

Winzell

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

162

127

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and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulate islet function after carbohydrate ingestion. Whether incretin hormones are of importance for islet function after ingestion of noncarbohydrate macronutrients is not known. This study therefore examined integrated incretin and islet hormone responses to ingestion of pure fat (oleic acid; 0.88 g/kg) or protein (milk and egg protein; 2 g/kg) over 5 h in healthy men, aged 20 -25 yr (n ϭ 12); plain water ingestion served as control. Both intact (active) and total GLP-1 and GIP levels were determined as was plasma activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Following water ingestion, glucose, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP levels and DPP-4 activity were stable during the 5-h study period. Both fat and protein ingestion increased insulin, glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 levels without affecting glucose levels or DPP-4 activity. The GLP-1 responses were similar after protein and fat, whereas the early (30 min) GIP response was higher after protein than after fat ingestion (P Ͻ 0.001). This was associated with sevenfold higher insulin and glucagon responses compared with fat ingestion (both P Ͻ 0.001). After protein, the early GIP, but not GLP-1, responses correlated to insulin (r 2 ϭ 0.86; P ϭ 0.0001) but not glucagon responses. In contrast, after fat ingestion, GLP-1 and GIP did not correlate to islet hormones. We conclude that, whereas protein and fat release both incretin and islet hormones, the early GIP secretion after protein ingestion may be of primary importance to islet hormone secretion.insulin; glucagon; glucagon-like peptide-1; glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; incretins; man THE INTEGRATED ENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO FOOD INGESTION are dependent on both the size and the composition of a meal and include the postprandial release of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the islet hormones insulin and glucagon (3,5,21,32). Most studies have focused on responses to an oral glucose tolerance test, after which levels of GIP, GLP-1, and insulin rise, whereas glucagon levels are suppressed (4,18,20, 24). It is also known that fat and protein ingestion stimulate GLP-1 and GIP secretion (10,14,20,27). Less is known, however, regarding relationships between the incretin responses and changes in insulin and glucagon levels after meal or noncarbohydrate macronutrient ingestions.GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which cleaves the two NH 2 -terminal amino acids of the peptides, making them largely inactive (9). Accurate estimation of the relationship between incretin hormone secretion and islet hormones therefore requires measurement of both the total and the active intact forms of the two incretins. How this is related to macronutrient ingestion is not known. Indeed, we recently showed in mice that protein ingestion increased intact incretin hormone levels compared with carbohydrate ingestion, and this was associated with reduced intestinal DPP-4...

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Section: Ajp-endocrinol Metabcontrasting

confidence: 42%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Incretin and islet hormonal responses to fat and protein ingestion in healthy men

Carr

Larsen²,

Winzell

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

162

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Milk proteins have been extensively investigated for their insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects in healthy subjects (73,75,82,83,(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99) and to a limited extent in individuals with suboptimal glucose control (100)(101)(102)(103)(104)(105)(106) . The dose varied significantly between studies from as little as 10 g (92,105,106) -51 g (91) .…”

Section: Short-term Studies On Glycaemic Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

2016

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The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases is a significant public health burden worldwide. Emerging evidence supports the inverse association between greater dairy consumption and reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Dairy proteins may have an important role in the favourable impact of dairy on human health such as blood pressure (BP), blood lipid and glucose control. The purpose of this review is to update and critically evaluate the evidence on the impacts of casein and whey protein in relation to metabolic function. Evidence from short-term clinical studies assessing postprandial responses to milk protein ingestion suggests benefits on vascular function independent of BP, as well as improvement in glycaemic homeostasis. Long-term interventions have been less conclusive, with some showing benefits and others indicating a lack of improvement in vascular function. During chronic consumption BP appears to be lowered and both dyslipidaemia and hyperglacaemia seem to be controlled. Limited number of trials investigated the effects of dairy proteins on oxidative stress and inflammation. Although the underlying mechanisms of milk proteins on cardiometabolic homeostasis remains to be elucidated, the most likely mechanism is to improve insulin resistance. The incorporation of meals enriched with dairy protein in the habitual diet may result in the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. Nevertheless, future well-designed, controlled studies are needed to investigate the relative effects of both casein and whey protein on BP, vascular function, glucose homeostasis and inflammation.

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“…Food protein-derived peptide inhibitors of DPP-IV are yet to be fully evaluated in vivo. There is some pre-clinical and clinical evidence that milk protein and milk protein hydrolysates stimulate incretin hormone secretion, display insulinotropic activity and regulate blood glucose in healthy and diabetic populations (10,(84)(85)(86) . However, the effect of protein hydrolysates on plasma DPP-IV activity in human subjects is yet to be evaluated.…”

Section: Management Of Type 2 Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food protein hydrolysates as a source of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides for the management of type 2 diabetes

2013

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The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing and it is estimated that by 2030 approximately 366 million people will be diagnosed with this condition. The use of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors is an emerging strategy for the treatment of T2DM. DPP-IV is a ubiquitous aminodipeptidase that cleaves incretins such as glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), resulting in a loss in their insulinotropic activity. Synthetic DPP-IV drug inhibitors are being used to increase the half-life of the active GLP-1 and GIP. Dietary intervention is accepted as a key component in the prevention and management of T2DM. Therefore, identification of natural food protein-derived DPP-IV inhibitors is desirable. Peptides with DPP-IV inhibitory activity have been identified in a variety of food proteins. This review aims to provide an overview of food protein hydrolysates as a source of the DPP-IV inhibitory peptides with particular focus on milk proteins. In addition, the proposed modes of inhibition and structure–activity relationship of peptide inhibitors are discussed. Milk proteins and associated peptides also display insulinotropic activity and help regulate blood glucose in healthy and diabetic subjects. Therefore, milk protein derived peptide inhibitors may be a unique multifunctional peptide approach for the management of T2DM.

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Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks

Abstract: A mixture of leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, and threonine resulted in glycemic and insulinemic responses closely mimicking those seen after whey ingestion in the absence of an additional effect of GIP and glucagon-like peptide 1.

Cited by 316 publications

References 41 publications

Incretin and islet hormonal responses to fat and protein ingestion in healthy men

Incretin and islet hormonal responses to fat and protein ingestion in healthy men

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

Food protein hydrolysates as a source of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides for the management of type 2 diabetes

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