Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status–health gradient

Evans, Gary W.; Kim, Pilyoung

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05336.x

Cited by 308 publications

(265 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, our model of LCPS identifies for the first time a causal relationship between the severity of the stressful environment (as quantified by aggressive behavior) and the individual coping style with reduced lifespan, suggesting a functional explanation to the concept of health disparity typical of low SES groups (Epel & Lithgow, 2014; Evans & Kim, 2010). Our results find support in results showing how the impact of stress on cardiovascular and psychiatric diseases is modulated by a passive or reactive coping style in response to stressful situations (Koolhaas et al., 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

et al. 2018

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SummaryStress and low socioeconomic status in humans confer increased vulnerability to morbidity and mortality. However, this association is not mechanistically understood nor has its causation been explored in animal models thus far. Recently, cellular senescence has been suggested as a potential mechanism linking lifelong stress to age‐related diseases and shorter life expectancy in humans. Here, we established a causal role for lifelong social stress on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mice. Specifically, we developed a lifelong chronic psychosocial stress model in which male mouse aggressive behavior is used to study the impact of negative social confrontations on healthspan and lifespan. C57BL/6J mice identified through unbiased cluster analysis for receiving high while exhibiting low aggression, or identified as subordinate based on an ethologic criterion, had lower median and maximal lifespan, and developed earlier onset of several organ pathologies in the presence of a cellular senescence signature. Critically, subordinate mice developed spontaneous early‐stage atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic sinuses characterized by significant immune cells infiltration and sporadic rupture and calcification, none of which was found in dominant subjects. In conclusion, we present here the first rodent model to study and mechanistically dissect the impact of chronic stress on lifespan and disease of aging. These data highlight a conserved role for social stress and low social status on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mammals and identify a potential mechanistic link for this complex phenomenon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

et al. 2018

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“…This indicator is associated with depressive symptoms [44] as well as with suicidal thoughts and attempts in adolescents [45]. Furthermore, low SES is a correlate of household overcrowding in the general population [46], but not necessarily in Nunavik because almost everyone is living in social housing [38]. SES at T1 was used as a control variable for the longitudinal analysis and SES at T2 was used for the cross-sectional analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household overcrowding and psychological distress among Nunavik Inuit adolescents: a longitudinal study

Pépin

Muckle

Moisan

et al. 2018

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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About half of Nunavik Inuit live in overcrowded households compared to very few Canadians from the general population. Living in overcrowded households is associated with greater risks of suffering from mental health problems for Canadian adolescents. The present work aims at studying prospectively the hypothesised relationship between household overcrowding at childhood and psychological distress during adolescence among Nunavik Inuit, as well as the hypothesised relationship between these phenomena when they are both measure at adolescence. Recruited as part of the Nunavik Child Development Study, 220 participants were met at 11 years old in average and then when they were 18 years old in average. Household overcrowding was assessed using the people per room ratio. Psychological distress symptoms were operationalised at adolescence using depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts. The results did not show that childhood household crowding had a long-term effect on psychological distress. An absence of moderation by sex of the association was also found in the present study. Despite those results, household crowding could be a risk factor only when in interaction with other elements related with poverty or housing or could be experienced as a difficulty for adolescents on other aspects than depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts.

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“…15,52 Recently, studies have investigated chronic stress or stress dysregulation as a physiological pathway linking environments to health outcomes. 53,54 For example, neighborhood blight has been shown to trigger a biological stress response. 36,[55][56][57] In response to an external stressor, the body activates a neuro-hormonal cascade that results in a Bfight or flight^response.…”

Section: Places and Health: Urban Blightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

2015

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Place-based programs are being noticed as key opportunities to prevent disease and promote public health and safety for populations at-large. As one key type of place-based intervention, nature-based and green space strategies can play an especially large role in improving health and safety for dwellers in urban environments such as US legacy cities that lack nature and greenery. In this paper, we describe the current understanding of place-based influences on public health and safety. We focus on nonchemical environmental factors, many of which are related to urban abandonment and blight. We then review findings from studies of nature-based interventions regarding impacts on health, perceptions of safety, and crime. Based on our findings, we suggest that further research in this area will require (1) refined measures of green space, nature, and health and safety for cities, (2) interdisciplinary science and cross-sector policy collaboration, (3) observational studies as well as randomized controlled experiments and natural experiments using appropriate spatial counterfactuals and mixed methods, and (4) return-on-investment calculations of potential economic, social, and health costs and benefits of urban greening initiatives. KEYWORDS Urban nature, Green space, Place-based interventions, Public health, CrimeThere is growing support of place-based programs to help prevent disease and promote public health and safety. [1][2][3][4][5] This movement is largely motivated by increasing findings that public health interventions targeted at individuals or behaviors have limited effect on health and safety outcomes at a population scale. 6 For example, educational programs that promote behavioral change among very specific, targeted population groups may not impact broader societal issues such as the actual contexts within which unhealthy behaviors like tobacco use, lack of exercise, poor diet, distracted driving, and violence occur. 7-9 Moreover, programmatic impact is rarely sustained beyond the small study populations that are targeted. When funding ends, program impact thus also often ends unless, in very rare instances, the program itself somehow becomes institutionalized or part of a larger social norm.Place-based programs rest on increasing evidence that in addition to biological and individual attributes, everyday environments have a potentially strong and Kondo is with the USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station,

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Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status–health gradient

Cited by 308 publications

References 57 publications

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

Household overcrowding and psychological distress among Nunavik Inuit adolescents: a longitudinal study

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

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