Renin-Angiotensin System Gene Polymorphisms, Blood Pressure,Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese

Abstract

OBJECTIVE -In Chinese populations, hypertension is common and is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular and coronary heart disease, particularly when associated with diabetes. The clustering of these disorders and dyslipidemia and obesity is termed the metabolic syndrome and is increasing in prevalence in the populations of modernizing Asian nations. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) helps maintain blood pressure and salt homeostasis and may play a role in the pathogenesis of aspects of the metabolic syndrome. We investigated three RAS gene polymorphisms-the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D), angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) A1166C polymorphisms-for a possible role in modulating these disorders in 853 Chinese subjects with varying components of the metabolic syndrome.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -The three gene polymorphisms of this crosssectional study were detected using polymerase chain reaction-based protocols. The genotype frequencies were compared between the controls (n = 119) and both overlapping and nonoverlapping groups of patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia using 2 test. Differences in levels of the biochemical parameters between the genotypes were determined using analysis of variance.RESULTS -No significant relationship was identified between these polymorphisms and blood pressure in this population. Although the AT 1 R A1166C polymorphism was not associated with any aspect of the metabolic syndrome examined, there was limited evidence to suggest that the AGT M235T polymorphism may be associated with cholesterol levels. The ACE I allele was significantly more frequent in each group comprising subjects with type 2 diabetes/glucose intolerance (GIT), and the I allele was associated with higher fasting plasma glucose levels.CONCLUSIONS -These findings suggest that these polymorphisms are unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with the metabolic syndrome, having a higher frequency of I allele-containing genotypes in those groups,

Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the ACE Gene Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes

“…The D allele frequency was 40.2 and 32.8% in the case and the control groups, respectively, which is in line with previous reports of 29.3-41.6% frequencies in other Asian populations (5,10,11,13) and is much lower than the 52-57% frequencies reported in Caucasian populations (12,14,15). The observed genotype distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in control subjects ( 2 1 ϭ 0.03, P ϭ 0.96) and was marginally deviated from the equilibrium in case subjects ( 2 1 ϭ 3.77, P ϭ 0.05).…”

Association Between Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Risk of Rheumatic Heart Disease

“…23) However, I allele has also been shown to be associated with hypertension, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, mitral valve prolapse syndrome, and atrial fibrillation with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [24][25][26][27][28] The ACE II genotype can be a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The activity of renin is thought to be rate-limiting to the production of angiotensin II.…”

Albuminuria is a marker of increasing intracranial and extracranial vascular involvement in Type 2 diabetic Chinese patients

“…The results of seated BP, anthropometric (waist circumference and BMI) and plasma biochemical (lipid and glycaemic profiles) measurements, which were taken after an overnight fast, have previously been described in detail [10,15]. Due to the fact that patients' medications were suspended for the morning of the assessment of trough levels, it was not possible to measure the haemodynamic parameters as continuous variables.…”