Response of Weeds to Tillage and Cover Crop Residue

Teasdale, John R.; Beste, Christian; Potts, William John

doi:10.1017/s0043174500071460

Cited by 282 publications

(237 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Decomposing cover crop residue provides physical and allelopathic effects that reduce both weed germination and growth. Cover crop residue suppresses weeds by modifying the light, temperature, moisture and chemical environment of germinating seeds (Teasdale et al 1991). In addition, microclimate changes caused by legume cover crops, namely, alterations in temperature and light intensity, inhibit weed seed germination (Teasdale and Daughtry 1993).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summer cover crops for weed management and yield improvement in organic lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production

et al. 2009

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Over the last two decades, the demand for organic products has grown rapidly in the world due to increased concern about side effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. Studies were conducted in organic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) from 2004 to 2005 at the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute in Samsun, Turkey, to determine the suppressive effects of summer cover crops on weeds. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench.], sudangrass [Sorghum vulgare Pers. var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc.], hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and bare ground with no cover crop. Weed density and total weed dry biomass were assessed before and at 14, 28, and 56 days after incorporation (DAI) of the cover crops. The cover crops produced between 1.2 and 3 t ha −1 biomass and grain sorghum produced more dry matter than any other species in both years. After incorporation of the cover crops, hairy vetch and sorghum treatments showed fewer weed species, and lower weed density than the other cover crops in both years. Hairy vetch, grain sorghum, and sudangrass were the most effective cover crops and reduced total weed dry biomass by 90. 3%, 87.4%, and 86.9% in 2004, and by 88%, 86.3%, and 85.2% in 2005, respectively. Cover crop residue suppressed many broadleaved weed species but failed to control grass weeds. Hairy vetch treatments produced the highest yield, followed by sudangrass and grain sorghum. Yields with grain amaranth and pea were similar to that of the control. These results indicate that hairy vetch, grain sorghum, and sudangrass can be used to suppress weeds in early season of organic lettuce production.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summer cover crops for weed management and yield improvement in organic lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production

et al. 2009

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“…Alexander and Schrag (2003) and Holzner (1982) reported that many short-lived annual broadleaf weed species that occur in arable production are stimulated by greater soil movements under favourable conditions. Although more tillage intensity reportedly promotes broadleaf weed germination (Teasdale et al 1991), the subsequent tillage in each season then destroyed the weed seedlings. In contrast, in both cropping years, grass weeds were significantly higher under HRNiT than LRNiT or CT, as reported by Hakansson (2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weed manifestation under different tillage and legume undersowing in organic wheat

Bhaskar¹,

Davies²,

Cannon³

et al. 2014

Biological Agriculture & Horticulture

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were conducted at the Royal Agricultural University's organic Harnhill Manor Farm near Cirencester, UK to explore tillage and legume undersowing effects on dry matter (DM) of broadleaf and grass weed infestation in organic winter and spring wheat. The experiments were designed using a randomized complete block with split plot arrangements. Tillage treatments involved conventional tillage (CT), low residue non-inversion tillage (LRNiT) and high residue non-inversion tillage (HRNiT) as main plots with undersowing white clover (WC), black medic (BM) or non-undersown (N us ) as subplots. In both cropping seasons, among tillage treatments, HRNiT had significantly higher total weed DM than CT or LRNiT. The mid-season assessments for weed species indicated HRNiT as having significantly higher grass weed DM than CT or LRNiT for both the wheat types. Broadleaf weed DM was significantly higher under CT than under LRNiT or HRNiT for winter wheat after GS61, whereas for spring wheat, broadleaf weed DM was significantly higher under CT than under HRNiT throughout the growing season. Undersowing had a significant effect only in spring wheat. Among undersowing treatments, WC had significantly lower total weed DM than BM. The broadleaf weed DM was significantly lower under WC than under BM or N us . On the basis of these results, increasing the levels of tillage intensity with complete (0%) or minimal (30%) dispersion of soil cover appears to have decreased grass weed and total weed DM. Among undersowing treatments, WC seems to be a more reliable option than BM for spring wheat.

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“…While 100% ground cover does not necessarily correspond to 100% light interception, it provides a useful proxy for estimating how much residue is needed to inhibit seedling growth. The amount varies by crop, with small grain crops requiring less (2-8 Mg ha −1 ) and large grains more (6-17 Mg ha −1 ; Greb, 1967;Teasdale et al, 1991;Wicks et al, 1994). For example, in a wheat-maize rotation study Crutchfield et al (1986) found that at least 3.4 Mg wheat straw ha −1 was needed in order to significantly reduce weed biomass, while in a monoculture maize system in Zimbabwe Ngwira et al (2014) found 6 Mg of maize stover ha −1 was needed.…”

Section: Effect Of Crop Residues On the Growth And Establishment Of Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, a linear increase in biomass results in an exponential decay in the percentage of germinated seeds that successfully emerge, although the exact relationship depends heavily on residue characteristics (Teasdale and Mohler, 2009;Ngwira et al, 2014). Often CA systems strive to leave at least 30% of the ground covered; while this amount of residue may provide soil quality benefits it may not significantly reduce weed germination and emergence (Teasdale et al, 1991;Vidal and Bauman, 1996;Liebman and Mohler, 2001). A low light environment will have a more profound effect on small-seeded annual weeds and crops, as they are initially more dependent on light compared to perennials and large-seeded species (Crutchfield et al, 1986;Mohler, 1996).…”

Section: Effect Of Crop Residues On the Growth And Establishment Of Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review

Nichols

Verhulst

Cox

et al. 2015

Field Crops Research

313

293

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a b s t r a c tConservation agriculture (CA) is based on minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation; it is promoted as a sustainable alternative to systems involving conventional tillage. Adoption of CA changes weed dynamics and communities and therefore necessitates adjusting weed control methods. The objectives of this review are to summarize literature concerning CA principles and their interactive effects on weed life cycles and community composition, briefly review CA-appropriate cultural practices for additional weed control, and identify areas where further research is needed. No-till systems accumulate seeds near the soil surface where they are more likely to germinate but are also exposed to greater mortality risks through weather variability and predation. Assuming no seed input into the system, germinable seedbanks under no-till decrease more rapidly than under conventional tillage. Reducing tillage may shift weed communities from annual dicots to grassy annuals and perennials. Surface residues lower average soil temperatures and may delay emergence of both crops and weeds. Germination and growth of small-seeded annuals will suffer from restricted light availability, physical growth barriers and potential allelopathic effects from surface residue. Crop rotation affects weeds via allelopathy and altered timing of both crop management and resource demands. Rotations should incorporate crops sown in varied seasons (e.g., autumn and spring), annuals and perennials, different herbicides, and/or various crop families. Literature indicates implementing no-till without crop rotation can result in severe weed problems; greater rotational crop diversity results in easier weed management. Additional cultural practices for CA include: (i) selecting highly competitive varieties; (ii) altering planting dates; (iii) preventing weed seed recruitment; (iv) adjusting planting arrangement, densities, and fertilizer placement; and (v) microbial bio-controls. Further research is needed concerning: (i) the interactive effects of tillage and surface residue on weeds; (ii) the use of models and/or meta-analyses to predict weed responses, and to identify intervention points in CA; and (iii) the weed-suppressive potential of longer (4+ years) rotations.

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Response of Weeds to Tillage and Cover Crop Residue

Cited by 282 publications

References 20 publications

Summer cover crops for weed management and yield improvement in organic lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production

Summer cover crops for weed management and yield improvement in organic lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production

Weed manifestation under different tillage and legume undersowing in organic wheat

Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review

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