Retraction Notice to: <i>DRD2/ANKK1</i> gene polymorphism rs1800497 is associated with exercise habit in the period from childhood to adolescence in Japanese

Abstract

We investigated the associations between the DRD2/ANKK1 genotype (rs1800497, C > T) and both physical activity (PA) level and exercise habit. A total of 648 Japanese men and women aged 26 -82 years were included in this cross-sectional study. The PA level was evaluated using a triaxial accelerometer. Exercise habits in the past year and in the period from childhood to adolescence were assessed using a questionnaire. There were no significant differences in PA level or exercise habit in the past year among the DRD2/ANKK1 genotypes. On the other hand, there was a significant association between the DRD2/ANKK1 genotype and exercise habit in the period from childhood to adolescence. Regular exercisers (Ex) showed a lower proportion of the CC genotype than non-exercisers (Non-Ex) (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis for exercise habit in the period from childhood to adolescence, controlling for gender and age in an additive genetic model, indicated significant associations with increased likelihood of exercisers (Ex) carrying the T allele, OR = 1.38 (95% CI: 1.06 -1.80, P < 0.05). In conclusion, it was suggested that the DRD2/ANKK1 genotype is associated with exercise habit in the period from childhood to adolescence, but not current PA and exercise habit in the past year.

A Genetic Variation in the Y Chromosome Among Modern Japanese Males Related to Several Physiological and Psychological Characteristics

“…The results showed gene–gene interactions between haplogroups D-M55 and DRD2 in BMI. A previous study indicated that there was a significant association between the DRD2 genotype and exercise habit in the period from childhood to adolescence, with a 1.38-fold greater probability of people who exercise carrying the A allele among Japanese adults (Murakami et al, 2017 ). The rs1800497 pathogenic variant (A allele) has been previously described to be associated with a reduction in DRD2 receptor density in the brain (Comings et al, 1991 ); moreover, DRD2 A allele carriers experienced greater positive emotions after cocaine exposure (Spellicy et al, 2014 ), suggesting that individuals with DRD2 A allele experience a lower level of “reward” due to reduced dopaminergic functions and are therefore more habitual in seeking “artificial” means of increasing the “reward” sensation, such as exercise.…”

“…We used a subset of the project’s data to test for subtle effects of the haplogroup D-M55 × several autosomal gene polymorphisms on BMI and perceived number of close friends in Japanese university students. In this project, we analyzed several gene polymorphisms, such as serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) (Luo et al, 2016 ), rs806377 (cannabinoid receptor 1 gene: CNR1 , Matsunaga et al, 2018 ), rs53576 (oxytocin receptor gene: OXTR , Nishina et al, 2015 ), rs1800497 (dopamine D2 receptor gene: DRD2 , Takeuchi et al, 2015 ; Murakami et al, 2017 ), and rs6311 (5-HT (serotonin) receptor 2A gene: HTR2A , Matsunaga et al, 2017 ). We showed the results of the gene–gene interaction between haplogroups D-M55 and DRD2 using multiple regression analyses with reference to the study by Erzurumluoglu et al ( 2018 ).…”

Genetic variants related to physical activity or sedentary behaviour: a systematic review

“…In line with previous reviews [ 12 , 19 , 20 ] we noted that phenotype definitions of physical activity varied considerable between studies, including constructs such as walking distance [ 32 ], low-intensity physical activity [ 45 , 52 ], moderate intensity physical activity [ 34 , 36 , 49 ], vigorous physical activity [ 34 , 37 ], energy expenditure [ 29 , 31 , 48 ], engagement in sports activities [ 44 , 51 ], meeting recommended levels of physical activity [ 50 ], and physical activity level from childhood to adolescence [ 46 ]. Moreover, these phenotype definitions were in many studies based on instruments with poor validity.…”

“…GWAS are indicated by grey cells. Studies are sorted according to chromosome position Abbreviations: d day, hrs hours, in/del insertion/deletion, LTPA leisure time physical activity, MET metabolic equivalent, OR odds ratio, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, VNTR variable number tandem repeat, w week, y year *For GWAS genes reported to be closest to the SNP is presented **For GWAS: p-value SNP in discovery cohort recommended levels of physical activity [50], and physical activity level from childhood to adolescence [46]. Moreover, these phenotype definitions were in many studies based on instruments with poor validity.…”

Dopaminergic Genetic Variants and Voluntary Externally Paced Exercise Behavior

“…The second study found no significant differences in past year physical activity levels or exercise habit among 648 Japanese men and women with respect to the DRD2/ANKK1 gene. However, they did find a significant association between the DRD2/ANKK1 genotype and exercise habits in the period from childhood to adolescence, in which homozygotes of the ‘A’ allele were again less likely to be exercisers (7). The third study, in 54 month old children (N=651), found that individual carriers of the 3.5–4 repeat MAO-A VNTR (high activity version) showed lower overall parent-reported activity levels than the carriers of the 3 repeat MAO-A VNTR( low activity version) (8).…”