SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron: currently the most complete “escapee” from neutralization by antibodies and vaccines

Li, Maochen; Lou, Fuxing; Fan, Huahao

doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00880-9

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Among them, 477/493/496/498/501/505 mutations affected the neutralization activity of group A antibodies, 477/478/484 mutations affected the neutralization activity of group B antibodies, while the neutralizing activity of group C/D/E antibodies was affected by 484, 440/446, and 346/440 mutations, respectively, Group F antibodies are disturbed by 373/375 mutations. 94 , 129 However, group E and F antibodies showed effective neutralization of the Omicron variant among these antibodies. These two groups of antibodies were rarely used in the clinic and formed lower immune pressure on the virus, reducing the viral mutation of these antibodies and maintaining the binding of antibodies to corresponding epitopes.…”

Section: Efficacy Of Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 96%

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COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Wang²,

Tian

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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171

129

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With the constantly mutating of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOC), the implementation of vaccination is critically important. Existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines mainly include inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Viral vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and mRNA vaccines may induce additional cellular or humoral immune regulations, including Th cell responses and germinal center responses, and form relevant memory cells, greatly improving their efficiency. However, some viral vector or mRNA vaccines may be associated with complications like thrombocytopenia and myocarditis, raising concerns about the safety of these COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we systemically assess the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, including the possible complications and different effects on pregnant women, the elderly, people with immune diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients, and cancer patients. Based on the current analysis, governments and relevant agencies are recommended to continue to advance the vaccine immunization process. Simultaneously, special attention should be paid to the health status of the vaccines, timely treatment of complications, vaccine development, and ensuring the lives and health of patients. In addition, available measures such as mix-and-match vaccination, developing new vaccines like nanoparticle vaccines, and optimizing immune adjuvant to improve vaccine safety and efficacy could be considered.

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Section: Efficacy Of Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“… 93 The results showed that it is necessary to closely monitor the neutralization efficacy of the vaccine against variants, especially those with strong immune escape ability, such as Beta and Omicron, and update the sequence of seed strain in time. 94 …”

Section: Efficacy Of Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Wang²,

Tian

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

Self Cite

171

129

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“…It was listed as a new variant of concern (VOC) by WHO on November 26, 2021 ( ). Several studies have investigated the immune escape ability of Omicron and showed that it extensively escapes to existing neutralizing antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and convalescent sera ( 103 – 108 ). Whether this variant enhances the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on existing diagnosis, vaccines and therapies still need further study.…”

Section: Conclusion and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Molnupiravir and Its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19

Tian

Pang

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes a major worldwide public health threat and economic burden. The pandemic is still ongoing and the SARS-CoV-2 variants are still emerging constantly, resulting in an urgent demand for new drugs to treat this disease. Molnupiravir, a biological prodrug of NHC (β-D-N(4)-hydroxycytidine), is a novel nucleoside analogue with a broad-spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Ebola virus (EBOV). Molnupiravir showed potent therapeutic and prophylactic activity against multiple coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV in animal models. In clinical trials, molnupiravir showed beneficial effects for mild to moderate COVID-19 patients with a favorable safety profile. The oral bioavailability and potent antiviral activity of molnupiravir highlight its potential utility as a therapeutic candidate against COVID-19. This review presents the research progress of molnupiravir starting with its discovery and synthesis, broad-spectrum antiviral effects, and antiviral mechanism. In addition, the preclinical studies, antiviral resistance, clinical trials, safety, and drug tolerability of molnupiravir are also summarized and discussed, aiming to expand our knowledge on molnupiravir and better deal with the COVID-19 epidemic.

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“…Additionally, the vast majority of other antibodies, especially those that compete with ACE2 binding, tested against BA.1 were inactive or marginally active against that variant [ 109 , 405 – 408 ]. As pointed out by others [ 109 , 406 – 408 , 428 , 433 ], antibodies that compete with ACE2 (largely RBD-1 epitope antibodies; Figs. 6 A, B, 7 A) are usually ineffective against Omicron BA.1.…”

Section: Descriptions Of Key Antibodies Targeting Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 84%

Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants

Strohl

et al. 2022

BioDrugs

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The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly’s bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron’s mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir’s sotrovimab, Celltrion’s regdanvimab, and Lilly’s bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7.

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SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron: currently the most complete “escapee” from neutralization by antibodies and vaccines

Cited by 45 publications

References 7 publications

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Molnupiravir and Its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19

Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants

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