Subtypes of Ovarian Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Screening

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the foremost cause of gynecological cancer death in the developed world, as it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. In this paper we discuss current issues, the efficacy and problems associated with ovarian cancer screening, and compare the characteristics of ovarian cancer subtypes. There are two types of ovarian cancer: Type I carcinomas, which are slow-growing, indolent neoplasms thought to arise from a precursor lesion, which are relatively common in Asia; and Type II carcinomas, which are clinically aggressive neoplasms that can develop de novo from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas (STIC) and/or ovarian surface epithelium and are common in Europe and the USA. One of the most famous studies on the subject reported that annual screening using CA125/transvaginal sonography (TVS) did not reduce the ovarian cancer mortality rate in the USA. In contrast, a recent study in the UK showed an overall average mortality reduction of 20% in the screening group. Another two studies further reported that the screening was associated with decreased stage at detection. Theoretically, annual screening using CA125/TVS could easily detect precursor lesions and could be more effective in Asia than in Europe and the USA. The detection of Type II ovarian carcinoma at an early stage remains an unresolved issue. The resolving power of CA125 or TVS screening alone is unlikely to be successful at resolving STICs. Biomarkers for the early detection of Type II carcinomas such as STICs need to be developed.

In search of the altering salivary proteome in metastatic breast and ovarian cancers

“…35 De novo breast and ovarian cancer metastases are also diagnosed at an early stage, before primary diagnosis. 12,13 Thus, to understand the metastatic behavior of breast and ovarian cancers, STRING analysis of upregulated proteins, known to be involved in controlling cell motility, was performed to uncover potential interactions that would regulate their downstream function in promoting metastasis, for instance, cell motility-related proteins such as coronin-1A (CORO-1A), a member of the WD repeat protein family, known to regulate cell signaling and cell migration. 36 In CAB patients, indirect interaction of CORO-1A with Rac1 through ARCT3 ( Figure 5A) has been known to regulate Rac1 associated functions such as cell migration and invasion in multiple cancers, as well as in activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and JNK-dependent cell motility.…”

“…10 In addition, depending on the breast cancer molecular subtype, it can spread to different organs such as bones, brain, lungs, and the liver. 12,13 Although breast and ovarian cancers are clinically distinct, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1/2, p53, and PTEN) and proto-oncogenes, and changes in hormone regulation and microenvironment, indicate the similarities between breast and ovarian cancer. 11 However, de novo breast and ovarian cancer metastases, which could depend on the intrinsic properties of both malignant cells and microenvironment of metastasis-susceptible organ, has also been reported in some cases before the primary diagnosis of cancer.…”

“…11 However, de novo breast and ovarian cancer metastases, which could depend on the intrinsic properties of both malignant cells and microenvironment of metastasis-susceptible organ, has also been reported in some cases before the primary diagnosis of cancer. 12,13 Although breast and ovarian cancers are clinically distinct, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1/2, p53, and PTEN) and proto-oncogenes, and changes in hormone regulation and microenvironment, indicate the similarities between breast and ovarian cancer. 14 To date, studies have focused on miRNA expression 15 mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1/2, 16 and tumor suppressor genes, such as PTEN and P53, 14 to uncover and predict the metastatic organotropism patterns of breast and ovarian cancers.…”

miR‐153‐3p regulates progression of ovarian carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by targeting MCL1 gene

“…Ovarian cancer (OVC) is the second most common cause of mortality of female reproductive malignancies . In China, the incidence rate of OVC has raised over the past decade.…”

“…Ovarian cancer (OVC) is the second most common cause of mortality of female reproductive malignancies. [1][2][3] In China, the incidence rate of OVC has raised over the past decade. It has been reported that over 50 000 new cases were diagnosed and approximately 20 000 deaths were caused by OVC in 2015.…”