The Retinal Vessel Density Can Reflect Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence from Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Abstract

Background: There is increasing evidence that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients may present decreased cerebral blood perfusion before pathological brain changes. Using the retina as a window to the brain, we can study disorders of the central nervous system through the eyes. Objective: This study aimed to investigate differences in retinal structure and vessel density (VD) between patients with mild AD and healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, we explored the relationship between retinal VD and cognitive function. Methods: We enrolled 37 patients with AD and 29 age-matched HCs who underwent standard ophthalmic optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) for evaluation of the retinal layer thickness and VD parameters. Cognitive function was evaluated using a battery of neuropsychological assessments. Finally, the correlations among retinal layer thickness, VD parameters, and cognitive function were evaluated. Results: The retinal fiber layer thickness and retinal VD of patients with AD were significantly reduced compared with HCs. The retinal VD was significantly correlated with overall cognition, memory, executive, and visual-spatial perception functions. However, there was no significant between-group difference in the macular thickness. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a positive correlation between retinal VD and some, but not all, cognitive function domains. Most importantly, we demonstrated the role of OCTA in detecting early capillary changes, which could be a noninvasive biomarker for early AD.

Detection of retinal changes with optical coherence tomography angiography in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease patients: A meta-analysis

“…Another three studies were excluded because of lack of sufficient data for analysis after full-text checking of the remaining 11 studies. Eight cross-sectional OCTA studies on the retinal changes among AD, OCTAMCI patients, and HC were included in this meta-analysis [ 2 , 6 , 17 – 20 , 30 , 31 ]. Studies published between January 1st 2015 and March 31st 2021 were covered.…”

“…Three studies using Optovue offered measurements of VD for the SCP and DCP and FAZ area between the AD patients and HC. Wang et al (2021) [ 19 ] and Yan et al (2021) [ 20 ] did not find evidence of a difference in SCP, DCP and FAZ area between AD and HCs. Wu et al (2020) [ 2 ] found a change in DCP and FAZ but no change in SCP between AD patients and HCs.…”

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Retinal Microvascular Features in Alzheimer's Disease

“…However, whether there are retinal microvasculature alterations in patients with AD is yet to be fully determined. Several studies using OCTA have reported significantly decreased vascular density in the eyes of patients with AD compared to controls (Jiang et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2021 ), and this change was positively associated with cognitive dysfunction (Yan et al, 2021 ). In contrast, another study revealed that there were no significant differences in the retinal vascular density between patients with AD and controls (Querques et al, 2019 ).…”

Quantitative assessment of retinal thickness and vessel density using optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and glaucoma

“…the introduction of OCT angiography (OCTA), a modern technique for non-invasive imaging of retinal blood vessels in vivo, it has been demonstrated that retinal vessel density is significantly reduced in patients with AD, likely due to abnormal Aβ deposits that build up inside blood vessel walls [18][19][20][21]. Latest studies demonstrated significant correlations between retinal vessel density and cognitive function domains [22,23], apolipoprotein E genotype AD [24], and cerebral volumetric changes [25]. However, OCTA imaging has also provided evidence of microvascular impairment owing to reduced vessel density within the peripapillary area and the macula in POAG [26].…”