Impact of electro-acupuncture and physical exercise on hyperandrogenism and oligo/amenorrhea in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 300: E37-E45, 2011. First published October 13, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2010.-Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is characterized by hyperandrogenism, oligo/amenorrhea, and polycystic ovaries. We aimed to determine whether low-frequency electroacupuncture (EA) would decrease hyperandrogenism and improve oligo/amenorrhea more effectively than physical exercise or no intervention. We randomized 84 women with PCOS, aged 18 -37 yr, to 16 wk of low-frequency EA, physical exercise, or no intervention. The primary outcome measure changes in the concentration of total testosterone (T) at week 16 determined by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was analyzed by intention to treat. Secondary outcome measures were changes in menstrual frequency; concentrations of androgens, estrogens, androgen precursors, and glucuronidated androgen metabolites; and acne and hirsutism. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, after 16 wk of intervention, and after a 16-wk follow-up. After 16 wk of intervention, circulating T decreased by Ϫ25%, androsterone glucuronide by Ϫ30%, and androstane-3␣,17␤-diol-3-glucuronide by Ϫ28% in the EA group (P ϭ 0.038, 0.030, and 0.047, respectively vs. exercise); menstrual frequency increased to 0.69/month from 0.28 at baseline in the EA group (P ϭ 0.018 vs. exercise). After the 16-wk follow-up, the acne score decreased by Ϫ32% in the EA group (P ϭ 0.006 vs. exercise). Both EA and exercise improved menstrual frequency and decreased the levels of several sex steroids at week 16 and at the 16-wk follow-up compared with no intervention. Low-frequency EA and physical exercise improved hyperandrogenism and menstrual frequency more effectively than no intervention in women with PCOS. Low-frequency EA was superior to physical exercise and may be useful for treating hyperandrogenism and oligo/amenorrhea. acupuncture; androgens; estrogens; exercise; glucuronidated androgen metabolites; oligomenorrhea; sex steroid precursors POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is characterized by clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, oligo/amenorrhea, and polycystic ovaries with or without increased ovarian volume (4). The most constant and prominent feature is hyperandrogenism, manifested by hirsutism, persistent acne, and biochemical abnormalities (4), including elevated levels of androgens, sex steroid precursors, and glucuronidated androgen metabolites as well as estrogens (22).There is no gold standard for the long-term treatment of women with PCOS who do not attempt to conceive (1). Treatments for hyperandrogenism and menstrual disturbances include oral contraceptives, insulin sensitizers, and lifestyle interventions. Combined low-dose oral contraceptives are recommended as the primary treat...

This is the first detailed examination of psychoneuroendocrinological processes in the natural environment on a population basis in relation to somatic health. The results suggest that an hypothalamic arousal syndrome, with parallel activation of the HPA axis and the central sympathetic nervous system, is responsible for development of endocrine abnormalities, insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, leading to frank disease, including Type 2 DM. We suggest that this syndrome is probably based on environmental pressures in genetically susceptible individuals.

Middle-aged men with abdominal obesity were treated in a double-blind study with moderate doses of transdermal preparations of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or placebo. This resulted in moderately elevated T concentrations and marked decreases in follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones in the group treated with T, while the DHT group showed elevated DHT, markedly lower T values, and less diminution of gonadotropin concentrations. In the group treated with T visceral fat mass decreased (measured by computerized tomography) without significant changes in other depot fat regions. Lean body mass did not change. In the group treated with T, glucose disposal rate, measured with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method, was markedly augmented. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose concentrations as well as diastolic blood pressure decreased. There were no such changes in the DHT or placebo treatment groups. The men treated with T reported increased well-being and energy. In none of the groups did prostate volume, specific prostate antigen concentration, genito-urinary history, or urinary flow measurement change. It is suggested that supplementation of abdominal obese men with moderate doses of T might have several beneficial effects.

No abstract

In PCOS, adipose tissue has aberrant morphology/function. Increased waist-to-hip ratio indicates abdominal/visceral fat accumulation, but this is not supported by MRI. Enlarged adipocytes and reduced serum adiponectin, together with a large waistline, rather than androgen excess, may be central factors in the pathogenesis/maintenance of insulin resistance in PCOS.

ROSMOND, ROLAND, YVON C. CHAGNON, GÖ RAN HOLM, MONIQUE CHAGNON, LOUIS PÉ RUSSE, KAJSA LINDELL, BJÖ RN CARLSSON, CLAUDE BOUCHARD, AND PER BJÖ RNTORP.A glucocorticoid receptor gene marker is associated with abdominal obesity, leptin, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis. Obes Res. 2000;8:211-218. Objective: Abdominal obesity has a key role in the pathogenesis of prevalent and serious diseases and has been shown to be associated with an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, which is regulated by endocrine feedback mediated via hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Research Methods and Procedures:We examined the HPA axis function by repeated salivary samples for the assessment of cortisol, as well as other endocrine, anthropometric, metabolic, and circulatory variables in middle-aged Swedish men (n ϭ 284). With the restriction enzyme BclI, variants of the GR gene (GRL) locus were identified and two alleles with fragment lengths of 4.5 and 2.3 kilobases (kb) were detected. Results: The observed frequencies were 40.1% for the 2.3-and 2.3-kb, 46.2% for the 4.5-and 2.3-kb, and 13.7% for the 4.5-and 4.5-kb genotypes. The larger allele (4.5 and 4.5 kb) was associated with elevated body mass index (BMI; p Ͻ 0.001), waist-to-hip circumference ratio (p ϭ 0.015), abdominal sagittal diameter (p ϭ 0.002), leptin (p Ͻ 0.001), and systolic blood pressure (borderline, p ϭ 0.058). The 4.5-and 4.5-kb allele was associated with leptin after adjustment for BMI. Moreover, salivary cortisol values, particularly after stimulation by a standardized lunch (p ϭ 0.040 to 0.086), were elevated in the men with the larger allele. Discussion: These results indicate that there is an association between a deficient GR function, defined as a poor feedback regulation of the HPA axis activity, and a polymorphic restriction site at the GR gene locus. An abnormal control of HPA axis function due to genetic alterations may contribute to the pathogenesis of abdominal obesity.

Oxidation and scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in intimal macrophages are believed to be key events in the development of atherosclerosis. We report here that oxidized LDL increases DNA synthesis, expression of HLA-DR, and interleukin-2 receptors in T cells. The stimulatory effect of oxidized LDL was not due to a direct effect on T cells but required the presence of monocytes. Oxidized LDL also stimulated the release of interleukin-10 from monocytes. The maximal effect of oxidized LDL on T-cell activation and interleukin-1/3 release occurred at a concentration of 1 figjml. Native LDL also had the capacity to activate T cells, although only at higher concentrations. The stimulatory effect of both native and oxidized LDL was inhibited by superoxide dismutase. Monocytes as well as T cells were found to have the ability to oxidize LDL, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of native LDL may arise as a result of LDL oxidation during incubation with monocytes and T cells. The results suggest that oxidized LDL may activate T ceils in atherosclerotic lesions. (Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1992;12:461-467)

Several anxiety symptoms distinguished women with PCOS from a control group matched on BMI. A better understanding of the symptoms is needed to identify and alleviate anxiety symptoms in this vulnerable group.