There are considered ecological-hygienic aspects of the sensitization rate of population in residential environmental. The considerable part of the life of a person passes in conditions of residential environmental, he is exposed to the whole complex of sensitizing factors, with the house dust being the most important among these factors. Results. According to results of our research, the greatest number of allergic reactions was noted under the contact with domestic, pollen and epidermal allergens. In the structure of allergic diseases in the population the most frequent were allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. The overwhelming majority of observed cases was shown to suffer from functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and there was also observed the presence of chronic foci of inflammation. As a result of the executed comprehensive hygienic evaluation of the quality of residential environment there was established that in conditions of residential and public buildings the array of chemicals also had allergical effect on population. Discussion. The complex chemical pollutants of the residential environment in isolation was shown to fail to exert anaphylactogenic activity, whereas in complex with house dust allergen there are revealed the decline in immunological indices of the nonspecific resistance and inhibition of functional activity of T-suppressors, and amplification of immediate hypersensitivity in condition of impact of allergical complex of domestic dust. The existence of disorders of different functional systems of organism also provokes the development of the state of the hypersensitivity of population. Conclusions. The sensitization of the population was shown to be directly affected by the combined effect on human sensitization with allergenic components of house dust and chemical pollutants. Factors contributing to the development and occurrence of allergic pathologies among the population include: the level of chemical contamination of residential environment, various functional disorders of the body systems, which give rise in increased sensitization of the population.
Большинство пациентов, обращающихся к аллергологу по поводу лекарственной аллергии, указывают на местные анестетики в качестве основной причины. Местные анестетики способны вызывать различные реакции: аллергические, псевдоаллергические и токсические. В представленной статье анализируются литературные источники и собственный опыт применения различных методов диагностики аллергии на местные анестетики-пробы in vivo (кожные, провокационные, в т. ч. в слюне) и in vitro (определение специфических IgE и IgG, тест активации базофилов и др.). По нашим данным, положительные кожные тесты выявлены у 5,4%, специфические IgE-у 2,9%, специфические IgG-у 3% пациентов. Привлекательными являются тесты с определением медиаторов аллергии в слюне, поскольку возможны фиксация аллергической реакции in situ и объективизация результата высокочувствительными лабораторными методами. Метод лабораторной диагностики должен определяться сроком развития реакции и предполагаемым патогенетическим механизмом. Сочетание различных методов in vivo и in vitro повышает эффективность диагностических стратегий. Следует заметить, что, несмотря на множество предложенных лабораторных методов, коммерчески доступными являются тесты для определения специфических IgЕ и IgG и тест активации базофилов.
Аsthma is among the commonest chronic bronchopulmonary diseases in childhood, being a serious medical, social and economic problem. Asthma represents a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease characterized by activation of T-mediated factors, including adhesion molecules in bronchial mucosa, as well as minimal persistent inflammation which is characterized by a long-term inflammatory process (despite complete absence of clinical manifestations) in the patients with allergic disorders accompanied by increased expression of ICAM-1 (type 1 intercellular adhesion molecule) and CD62L (L-selectin) in the bloodstream.Lymphocyte and eosinophil counts in allergic inflammation show direct dependence on ICAM-1 contents, an intercellular adhesion molecule that provides transmigration of eosinophils and leukocytes through the endothelial barrier. Increased amount of ICAM-1 directly depends on excessive production of various reactive oxygen species in bronchial asthma. In turn, ICAM-1 induces changes in the cellular cytoskeleton which play a significant role in pathogenesis of asthma. It has been noted that ICAM-1 and CD62L molecules are those factors that exert changes at the microrheological level, including respiratory pathology of allergic nature. Increased amounts of vascular adhesion molecules in respiratory tract It has been proven are proven to be an important component of pathogenesis in bronchial asthma.Maximal expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and ICAM-1 in the persons prone to allergic diseases may occur after undetermined time period, and it immediately causes pronounced degranulation of eosinophils in respiratory tract and capillary bed. Viral infection is also an important trigger for the asthma exacerbation. Epithelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1, a cellular receptor for the most rhinoviruses, is increased after the rhinovirus infection itself. Both eosinophils and neutrophils contribute to the development of severe asthma, or exacerbation of asthma. ICAM-1 is a cellular receptor for rhinoviruses. Adhesion of eosinophils to ICAM-1 promotes functional activation of eosinophils. Therefore, adhesion of eosinophils to epithelial cells via ICAM-1 may activate this population during exacerbation in bronchial asthma.Changes in the immunohemorheology system in children with bronchial asthma represent the starting point of disorders at either hemostatic pathways, with a trend for increased adhesiveness and hypercoagulability, thus activating entire cascade of immunometabolic disorders and initiate clinical development of asthma. Exacerbation of asthma is characterized by the distinct expression pattern of the ICAM-1 adhesion factor, depending on the agent which promotes the airway obstruction. In the patients with asthma, depending on severity of exacerbation, there are pronounced changes in the levels of adhesion molecules. A pronounced increase in ICAM-1 at the time of bronchial obstruction is caused by the both causal allergen and infectious agent. However, more pronounced increase occurs during pollination, as well as slight elevation is observed in the course of obstruction caused by an infectious agent.
Background. Intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines are the basis of pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis (AR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Momat Rhino Advance (fixed combination of azelastine hydrochloride 140 mcg + mometasone furoate 50 mcg) intranasal spray in seasonal rhinitis patients. Materials and methods. Momat Rhino Advance was administered within 14 days in adults with seasonal AR in comparison with the original azelastine hydrochloride and mometasone furoate, used in combination with each other from separate devices against nasal (TNSS) and non-nasal (TNNSS) rhinitis symptoms. In total, 220 patients 18-65 years old with moderate/severe seasonal AR, were randomized in an open, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trial conducted in 16 centers in the Russian Federation during the period from April to September 2014. Results and conclusion. As a result of the study a marked decreasing of nasal symptoms using scale TNSS (in 89,6% relatively to the initial visit, p
The prevalence of allergic diseases in the population varies in different countries from 10 to 40%. Improving the quality of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases is an urgent public health problem. The article deals with the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnosis of allergic diseases. The main stages of allergy diagnosis include a number of specific and non-specific examination methods. In particular, the authors consider various methods of laboratory diagnostics, discuss the indications and contraindications, and the benefits and drawbacks of various diagnostic methods. Although skin testing conducted by an allergist is the gold standard for the diagnosis of allergies, it has several contraindications and limitations, in the presence of which it is possible to perform laboratory diagnostic methods in vitro. For laboratory tests, it is necessary to choose a laboratory that uses modern methods of the third generation with an accuracy of 0.1 kU/L to detect allergic reactions, starting with the first class of significance. However, despite the importance of laboratory diagnostic methods, the conclusion should be made only after comparing with the following: clinical picture, data of the allergic, pharmacolo gical and food history, results of instrumental studies and skin tests (in t he absence of contraindications to their use). KEYWORDS: atopy, allergy, laboratory diagnostics, immunochemiluminescence assay, skin test, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, dermato-pulmonary syndrome. FOR CITATION: Rybnikova E.A., Prodeus A.P., Fedoskova T.G. Modern laboratory diagnostic methods of allergy to help the practicing physician. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(1):43–49. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-1-43-49.
In the article the results of supervision over the patients with chronic urticaria (n=32) and atopic dermatitis (n=30), at the age from 2 till 55 years old treated with H^blocker levocetirizine, are presented. High clinical efficiency and safety of levocetirizine treatment of allergic skin diseases were confirmed.
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