Sunovian. He is/has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Lilly & Shire. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. Jonna Kuntsi has given talks at educational events sponsored by Medice; all funds are received by King's College London and used for studies of ADHD. Theo Van Erp consulted for Roche Pharmaceuticals and has a contract with Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Ltd. Anders Dale is a Founder of CorTechs Labs, Inc. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of CorTechs Labs and Human Longevity, Inc., and receives research funding through a Research Agreement with General Electric Healhcare. Paulo Mattos was on the speakers' bureau and/or acted as consultant for Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, and Shire in the previous five years; he also received travel awards to participate in scientific meetings from those companies. The ADHD outpatient program (Grupo de Estudos do Déficit de Atenção/Institute of Psychiatry) chaired by Dr. Mattos has also received research support from Novartis and Shire.The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Tobias Banaschewski served in an advisory or consultancy role for Actelion,

Music evokes complex emotions beyond pleasant/unpleasant or happy/sad dichotomies usually investigated in neuroscience. Here, we used functional neuroimaging with parametric analyses based on the intensity of felt emotions to explore a wider spectrum of affective responses reported during music listening. Positive emotions correlated with activation of left striatum and insula when high-arousing (Wonder, Joy) but right striatum and orbitofrontal cortex when low-arousing (Nostalgia, Tenderness). Irrespective of their positive/negative valence, high-arousal emotions (Tension, Power, and Joy) also correlated with activations in sensory and motor areas, whereas low-arousal categories (Peacefulness, Nostalgia, and Sadness) selectively engaged ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The right parahippocampal cortex activated in all but positive high-arousal conditions. Results also suggested some blends between activation patterns associated with different classes of emotions, particularly for feelings of Wonder or Transcendence. These data reveal a differentiated recruitment across emotions of networks involved in reward, memory, self-reflective, and sensorimotor processes, which may account for the unique richness of musical emotions.

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In vivo longitudinal relaxation times of N-acetyl compounds (NA), choline-containing substances (Cho), creatine (Cr), myoinositol (mI), and tissue water were measured at 1.5 and 3 T using a point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence with short echo time (TE). T 1 values were determined in six different brain regions: the occipital gray matter (GM), occipital white matter (WM), motor cortex, frontoparietal WM, thalamus, and cerebellum. The T 1 relaxation times of water protons were 26 -38% longer at 3 T than at 1.5 T. Significantly longer metabolite In vivo 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers researchers the opportunity to investigate changes in metabolite composition that occur in a variety of brain diseases. Because of time constraints, spectroscopic measurements in clinical studies are often performed at repetition times (TRs) that do not allow full relaxation of the metabolite MRS signals. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain accurate values of metabolite T 1 relaxation times in order to perform an adequate correction of the resulting T 1 losses in absolute quantification. Since the relaxation times of metabolite and water protons are greatly influenced by the microenvironment, and reflect mobility at the molecular level, they can also be used to gain a better understanding of the molecular organization of brain structure.T 1 relaxation times of metabolites have been determined for different regions of the human brain in several studies at lower field strengths, such as 1.5 T (1-8) and 2.0 T (9); however, longitudinal relaxation times at 3 T have been ascertained only for occipital gray matter (GM) and occipital white matter (WM) (10). The published reference values for 1.5 T and 3 T are presented in Table 1. Assuming their behavior is analogous to that of aqueous protons in vivo, the longitudinal relaxation times of brain metabolites are expected to increase with the field strength (11). Surprisingly, the T 1 values measured in occipital regions at 3 T (10) were found to be similar to published reference values for 1.5 T. However, it is difficult to compare data from different studies because of possible differences in scanner performance, sequence design, and strategies for acquiring and evaluating the spectra. To date, no published studies on metabolite T 1 relaxation times have included measurements at two different field strengths to provide a direct comparison of the results.The aim of this study was to determine the longitudinal relaxation times of N-acetyl compounds (NA ϭ N-acetylaspartate ϩ N-acetylaspartylglutamate), creatine (Cr), choline-containing substances (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and water in six different regions of the brain at both 1.5 T and 3 T, and to evaluate whether the amount of GM and WM within the examined voxel influences metabolite T 1 relaxation. Furthermore, T 1 relaxation times of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocholine (PCh), Cr, and mI were measured in vitro to determine whether the dependence of metabolite T 1 values on field stre...

When people interact, affective information is transmitted between their brains. Modern imaging techniques permit to investigate the dynamics of this brain-to-brain transfer of information. Here, we used information-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the flow of affective information between the brains of senders and perceivers engaged in ongoing facial communication of affect. We found that the level of neural activity within a distributed network of the perceiver's brain can be successfully predicted from the neural activity in the same network in the sender's brain, depending on the affect that is currently being communicated. Furthermore, there was a temporal succession in the flow of affective information from the sender's brain to the perceiver's brain, with information in the perceiver's brain being significantly delayed relative to information in the sender's brain. This delay decreased over time, possibly reflecting some ‘tuning in’ of the perceiver with the sender. Our data support current theories of intersubjectivity by providing direct evidence that during ongoing facial communication a ‘shared space’ of affect is successively built up between senders and perceivers of affective facial signals.