In both the United States and Europe, concerns have been raised about whether preservice and in-service training succeeds in equipping teachers with the professional knowledge they need to deliver consistently high-quality instruction. This article investigates the significance of teachers' content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge for high-quality instruction and student progress in secondary-level mathematics. It reports findings from a 1-year study conducted in Germany with a representative sample of Grade 10 classes and their mathematics teachers. Teachers' pedagogical content knowledge was theoretically and empirically distinguishable from their content knowledge. Multilevel structural equation models revealed a substantial positive effect of pedagogical content knowledge on students' learning gains that was mediated by the provision of cognitive activation and individual learning support. American Educational Research Journal March 2010, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 133-180 DOI: 10.3102/0002831209345157 Ó 2010 AERA. http://aerj.aera.netat Max Planck Ins on July 27, 2011 http://aerj.aera.net Downloaded from KEYWORDS: teacher knowledge, teacher education, mathematics, instruction, cognitive activation, hierarchical modeling with latent variables S ince Lee Shulman's presidential address at the 1985 American Educational Research Association meeting-in which Shulman went beyond the generic perspective of educational psychology, emphasizing the importance of domain-specific processes of learning and instruction-educational research JÜ RGEN BAUMERT is a co-director at Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Educational Research, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: sekbaumert@mpib-berlin.mpg.de. His research interests include research in teaching and learning, cultural comparisons, large-scale assessment, and cognitive and motivational development in adolescence. MAREIKE KUNTER is a research scientist at Max Planck Institute for Human Development, e-mail: kunter@mpib-berlin.mpg.de. Her research interests include teacher research, motivational processes in the classroom, and assessment of instructional processes. WERNER BLUM is a professor of mathematics education at University of Kassel, e-mail: blum@mathematik.uni-kassel.de. His research interests include empirical research on instructional quality in mathematics, national and international comparison studies in mathematics, approaches to application, modeling, and proofs in mathematics instruction. MARTIN BRUNNER is an associate professor at University of Luxembourg, e-mail: martin.brunner@uni.lu. His research interests include research on cognitive abilities, achievement, and achievement motivation by means of modern measurement models. THAMAR VOSS is a predoctoral research fellow at Max Planck Institute for Human Development, e-mail: voss@mpib-berlin.mpg.de. Her research interests include research on instruction and learning, teacher research, and teacher beliefs. ALEXANDER JORDAN is an academic staff member at University of Biel...

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The present study investigated intraindividual variation in students' interest experience in 3 school subjects and the predictive power of perceived autonomy support and control. Participants were 261 students in 7th grade. After a survey of students' individual interests and other individual characteristics, repeated lesson-specific measures of students' interest experience and perceived autonomy support and control during instruction were obtained over a 3-week period. Hierarchical linear modeling showed 36%-45% of the variance to be located at the within-student level. Moreover, perceived autonomy support and control during lessons, as well as individual interest, predicted students' interest experience in the classroom.We worked through exercises that helped us understand the topic. Different students presented their solutions to the same task. Our teacher set tasks that required time to reflect. Our teacher emphasized the relations between the topics discussed.

Which occupation to pursue is one of the more consequential decisions people make and represents a key developmental task. Yet the underlying developmental processes associated with either individual or group differences in occupational choices are still not well understood. This study contributes toward filling this gap, focusing in particular on the math domain. We examined two aspects of Eccles et al.'s (1983) expectancy-value theory of achievement-related behaviors: (a) the reciprocal associations between adolescents' expectancy and subjective task value beliefs and adolescents' career plans and (b) the multiplicative association between expectancies and values in predicting occupational outcomes in the math domain. Our analyses indicate that adolescents' expectancy and subjective task value beliefs about math and their math- or science-related career plans reported at the beginning and end of high school predict each other over time, with the exception of intrinsic interest in math. Furthermore, multiplicative associations between adolescents' expectancy and subjective task value beliefs about math predict math-related career attainment approximately 15 years after graduation from high school. Gender differences emerged regarding career-related beliefs and career attainment, with male students being more likely than female to both pursue and attain math-related careers. These gender differences could not be explained by differences in beliefs about math as an academic subject. (PsycINFO Database Record

In this article, the authors develop and test a differential effects model of university entry versus major selection using a set of common predictors, including background factors (gender and socioeconomic status), academic achievement, and academic self-concept. The research used data from 2 large longitudinal databases from Germany (N = 5,048) and England (N = 15,995) to explore the generalizability of the hypothesized model in 2 cultural contexts. For both countries, the results suggested that (a) socioeconomic status was a key predictor of university entry, whereas gender was a key predictor of major selection; (b) achievement and self-concept in both math and English were positive predictors of university entry; and (c) math achievement and self-concept predicted math-intensive major choice and lower likelihood of entering verbal-intensive majors (and vice versa). Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

SummaryLongevity in mammals is influenced by sex, and lifespan extension in response to anti‐aging interventions is often sex‐specific, although the mechanisms underlying these sexual dimorphisms are largely unknown. Treatment of mice with 17‐α estradiol (17aE2) results in sex‐specific lifespan extension, with an increase in median survival in males of 19% and no survival effect in females. Given the links between lifespan extension and metabolism, we performed untargeted metabolomics analysis of liver, skeletal muscle and plasma from male and female mice treated with 17aE2 for eight months. We find that 17aE2 generates distinct sex‐specific changes in the metabolomic profile of liver and plasma. In males, 17aE2 treatment raised the abundance of several amino acids in the liver, and this was further associated with elevations in metabolites involved in urea cycling, suggesting altered amino acid metabolism. In females, amino acids and urea cycling metabolites were unaffected by 17aE2. 17aE2 also results in male‐specific elevations in a second estrogenic steroid—estriol‐3‐sulfate—suggesting different metabolism of this drug in males and females. To understand the underlying endocrine causes for these sexual dimorphisms, we castrated males and ovariectomized females prior to 17aE2 treatment, and found that virtually all the male‐specific metabolite responses to 17aE2 are inhibited or reduced by male castration. These results suggest novel metabolic pathways linked to male‐specific lifespan extension and show that the male‐specific metabolomic response to 17aE2 depends on the production of testicular hormones in adult life.

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich aus der Perspektive von Theorien zum Kompetenzerwerb mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen dem fachspezifischen Professionswissen von Mathematiklehrkräften und ihrer Ausbildung und beruflichen Fortbildung. Dabei wurden institutionelle Unterschiede der Lehramtsausbildung wie auch individuelle Unterschiede im Studienerfolg, der Berufserfahrung und der besuchten beruflichen Fortbildungen untersucht. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten von 195 Mathematiklehrkräften, die an der COACTIV-Studie teilnahmen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich Lehrkräfte unterschiedlicher Lehrämter deutlich in ihrem professionellen Wissen unterscheiden und dass insbesondere der Erfolg im Studium mit besseren Leistungen im Fachwissen und im fachdidaktischen Wissen zusammen hing. Wir diskutieren Implikationen unserer Ergebnisse vor dem Hintergrund der Lehramtsausbildung und beruflicher Fortbildungen.Schlüsselwörter: Lehrer; Professionswissen; Kompetenzerwerb; Fortbildung; Studium Summary How is the content specific professional knowledge of mathematics teachers related to their teacher education and in-service training?The present study applies theories of competence acquisition to investigate the relationship of mathematics teachers' content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge to institutional differences in teacher education, individual differences in teachers' final university grades, occupational experience, and attendance of in-service training programs. Data were obtained from 195 mathematics teachers who participated in the COACTIV study. Our results show considerable differences in the professional knowledge of mathematics teachers trained to teach in different school types. Moreover, teachers' final university grades, in particular, were substantially positively associated with their content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. We discuss the implications of our results with respect to teacher education and in-service training.

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