Porokeratosis (PK) is a heterogeneous group of keratinization disorders. No causal genes except MVK have been identified, even though the disease was linked to several genomic loci. Here, we performed massively parallel sequencing and exonic CNV screening of 12 isoprenoid genes in 134 index PK patients (61 familial and 73 sporadic) and identified causal mutations in three novel genes (PMVK, MVD, and FDPS) in addition to MVK in the mevalonate pathway. Allelic expression imbalance (AEI) assays were performed in 13 lesional tissues. At least one mutation in one of the four genes in the mevalonate pathway was found in 60 (98%) familial and 53 (73%) sporadic patients, which suggests that isoprenoid biosynthesis via the mevalonate pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of PK. Significantly reduced expression of the wild allele was common in lesional tissues due to gene conversion or some other unknown mechanism. A G-to-A RNA editing was observed in one lesional tissue without AEI. In addition, we observed correlations between the mutations in the four mevalonate pathway genes and clinical manifestations in the PK patients, which might support a new and simplified classification of PK under the guidance of genetic testing.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06322.001

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Five novel lanthanide complexes with the formulas [Nd(bta)(H2O)2·4.35H2O] n (1), [Sm(bta)(H2O)2·4.5H2O] n (2), [Eu(bta)(H2O)·1.48H2O] n (3), [Tb(bta)(H2O)·1.31H2O] n (4), and [Yb(bta)(H2O)·H2O] n (5) (H3bta = 1,3,5-benzenetriacetic acid) have been prepared by using the corresponding lanthanide salt and H3bta. The results of an X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that all the complexes have three-dimensional channel-like structures, in which the bta3- ligands adopt different coordination modes:  monodentate and μ2-η2:η1-bridging coordination modes in 1, 2, and 5 and μ2-η1:η1-bridging and μ2-η2:η1-bridging coordination modes in 3 and 4, respectively. Complexes 1 and 2, as well as 3 and 4, are isostructural, respectively, in which all the LnIII (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, and Tb) atoms are nine-coordinated, while the YbIII atoms in complex 5 are eight-coordinated. Both complexes 3 and 4 showed strong luminescence upon excitation, and their luminescence decay curves fit well with single exponential decays of which the lifetime is 0.45 ms for 3 and 1.0 ms for 4. The magnetic properties of the complexes were investigated in the temperature range of 1.8−300 K.

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Reactions of tripodal ligand 1,3,5-tris(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (L) with lanthanide metal salts and triethyl orthoformate led to the formation of six bowl-like dinuclear compounds [Ln2(L)(HL)(NO3)6(HCOO)].3CH3OH (Ln = Gd 1, Tb 2, Dy 3, Er 4, Yb 5, and Eu 6). The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that six complexes are isomorphous and isostructural and that the dinuclear molecules are further connected by hydrogen bonds and pi-pi interactions, resulting in 3D channel-like structures. The luminescence properties have been studied, and the results showed that the Tb(III) (2) and Eu(III) (6) complexes exhibited sensitized luminescence in the visible region and their luminescence lifetimes in powder and DMSO-d6 solution are in the range of milliseconds. The Yb(III) complex (5) emits typical near-infrared luminescence in DMSO-d6 solution. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1-6 showed that complex 1 (Gd) is nearly a paramagnet and complexes 2 (Tb), 3 (Dy), and 4 (Er) show the ferromagnetic coupling between magnetic centers, whereas the depopulation of the Stark levels in complexes 5 (Yb) and 6 (Eu) leads to a continuous decrease in (chi M)T when the sample is cooled from 300 to 1.8 K.

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