Fear, Vigilance, and Ambiguity

Whalen, Paul J.

doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10836912

Cited by 730 publications

(562 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Although our results suggest that the patterns of response within the amygdala (pre-meal increase, postmeal normalization) parallel those seen in OFC/MFC, closer analysis indicates that increased activity is confined to the first run of the pre-meal condition. This finding is consistent with habituation effects to repeatedly presented stimuli previously reported in the amygdala (Wright et al, 2001) and likely reflects an initial response, with drop-off in activation after the salience of the stimuli has been assessed (Whalen, 1998). Thus, following an initial assessment of food stimuli salience, the amygdala may no longer be crucial to the overall process of monitoring the body's motivational status.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…More recently, however, limbic-frontal connectivity has become increasingly implicated in normal food motivation (Zald et al, 1998), as well as abnormal food intake and obesity . Previous human and animal studies suggest coordinated involvement of these areas in processing of emotional stimuli and representation of reward (Baxter and Murray, 2002;Gottfried et al, 2003;Kringelbach and Rolls, 2004;Rolls, 2004;Whalen, 1998). Specifying these networks has become an aim of brain activation studies using PET and fMRI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural mechanisms underlying food motivation in children and adolescents

et al. 2005

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Dramatic increases in childhood obesity necessitate a more complete understanding of neural mechanisms of hunger and satiation in pediatric populations. In this study, normal weight children and adolescents underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning before and after eating a meal. Participants showed increased activation to visual food stimuli in the amygdala, medial frontal/orbitofrontal cortex, and insula in the pre-meal condition; no regions of interest responded in the post-meal condition. These results closely parallel previous findings in adults. In addition, we found evidence for habituation to food stimuli in the amygdala within the pre-meal session. These findings provide evidence that normal patterns of neural activity related to food motivation begin in childhood. Results have implications for obese children and adults, who may have abnormal hunger and satiation mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms underlying food motivation in children and adolescents

et al. 2005

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“…LeDoux and colleagues (Armony & LeDoux, 2000;LeDoux, 1996LeDoux, , 2000 have suggested that visual or auditory information may reach the amygdala via a direct "low road," incorporating midbrain and thalamic nuclei. Assuming that backward masking blocks processing of visual stimuli in the primary visual cortex (Rolls & Tovee, 1994;Rolls, Tovee, & Panzeri, 1999), the present as well as several other demonstrations of amygdala activation to masked stimuli (Morris, Buchel, & Dolan, 2001;Whalen, 1998) provide support for this notion. Morris, Ö hman, and Dolan (1999) reported functional connectivity data in favor of the low-road concept.…”

Section: Fear Responses In the Brainsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…These activations are consistent with the assumption that the amygdala is part of an early warning or vigilance system, detecting biologically relevant stimuli for further prioritized processing (Davis & Whalen, 2001;Whalen, 1998). There are limitations to what the brain can process at a given point in time.…”

Section: Fear Responses In the Brainsupporting

confidence: 80%

Fear and the Amygdala: Manipulation of Awareness Generates Differential Cerebral Responses to Phobic and Fear-Relevant (but Nonfeared) Stimuli.

Carlsson¹,

Petersson²,

Lundqvist³

et al. 2004

Emotion

158

111

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Rapid response to danger holds an evolutionary advantage. In this positron emission tomography study, phobics were exposed to masked visual stimuli with timings that either allowed awareness or not of either phobic, fear-relevant (e.g., spiders to snake phobics), or neutral images. When the timing did not permit awareness, the amygdala responded to both phobic and fear-relevant stimuli. With time for more elaborate processing, phobic stimuli resulted in an addition of an affective processing network to the amygdala activity, whereas no activity was found in response to fear-relevant stimuli. Also, right prefrontal areas appeared deactivated, comparing aware phobic and fear-relevant conditions. Thus, a shift from top-down control to an affectively driven system optimized for speed was observed in phobic relative to fear-relevant aware processing.

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“…In the central nervous system, the emotional responses observed in the picture viewing paradigm are probably orchestrated by the amygdala (LeDoux, 2000;Whalen, 1998). Several studies have shown International Journal of Psychophysiology 80 (2011) 173-181 that significant amygdala activations can be observed when the responses to emotional scenes and neutral scenes are contrasted (e.g., Hariri et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2004;Müller et al, 2003) (for a review see Phan et al, 2004).…”

Section: Emotional Scenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Alpers

Adolph

Pauli

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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We examined if emotional faces elicit physiological responses similar to pictures of emotional scenes. Forty one students viewed emotional scenes (negative, neutral, and positive) and emotional faces (angry, neutral, and happy). Heart rate, orbicularis oculi and electrodermal activity were measured continuously, and the startle reflex was elicited. Although the patterns of valence and arousal ratings were comparable, physiological response patterns differed. For scenes we replicated the valence-specific modulation of the startle response, heart rate deceleration, and the arousal-related modulation of the electrodermal response. In contrast, for faces we found valence-specific modulation only for the electrodermal response, but the startle and heart rate deceleration were modulated by arousal. Although arousal differences may account for some differences in physiological responding this shows that not all emotional material that is decoded similarly leads to the same psychophysiological output.

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Fear, Vigilance, and Ambiguity

Cited by 730 publications

References 69 publications

Neural mechanisms underlying food motivation in children and adolescents

Neural mechanisms underlying food motivation in children and adolescents

Fear and the Amygdala: Manipulation of Awareness Generates Differential Cerebral Responses to Phobic and Fear-Relevant (but Nonfeared) Stimuli.

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

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