In this study, single-crystal-like anatase TiO(2) nanowires were formed in a network structure by surfactant-assisted self-assembling processes at low temperature. The crystal lattice planes of the nanowires and networks of such wires composed of many nanoparticles were almost perfectly aligned with each other due to the "oriented attachment" mechanism, resulting in the high rate of electron transfer through the TiO(2) nanonetwork with single-crystal-like anatase nanowires. The direction of crystal growth of oriented attachment was controlled by changing the mole ratio of acetylacetone to Ti, that is, regulating both the adsorption of surfactant molecules via control of the reaction rate and the surface energy. A single-crystalline anatase exposing mainly the [101] plane has been prepared, which adsorbed ruthenium dye over 4 times higher as compared to P-25. A high light-to-electricity conversion yield of 9.3% was achieved by applying the titania nanomaterials with network structure as the titania thin film of dye-sensitized solar cells.

Highly crystalline TiO2 nanorods with lengths of 100-300 nm and diameters of 20-30 nm have been synthesized by a hydrothermal process in a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant solution. The microstructure measured by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy was a pure highly crystalline anatase phase with a long nanorod shape. The addition of a triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)100-poly(propylene oxide) 65-poly(ethylene oxide)100 (F127) decreased the length of the nanorods and kept the rod shape of the particles even after sintering at high temperatures. The rod shape kept under high calcination temperatures contributed to the achievement of the high conversion efficiency of light-to-electricity as discussed in the paper. A high conversion efficiency of light-to-electricity of 7.29% was obtained with the TiO2 single-crystalline anatase nanorod cell.

Many language generation tasks require the production of text conditioned on both structured and unstructured inputs. We present a novel neural network architecture which generates an output sequence conditioned on an arbitrary number of input functions. Crucially, our approach allows both the choice of conditioning context and the granularity of generation, for example characters or tokens, to be marginalised, thus permitting scalable and effective training. Using this framework, we address the problem of generating programming code from a mixed natural language and structured specification. We create two new data sets for this paradigm derived from the collectible trading card games Magic the Gathering and Hearthstone. On these, and a third preexisting corpus, we demonstrate that marginalising multiple predictors allows our model to outperform strong benchmarks.

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The band structure-controlled solid solution of BiOBr x I 1-x was successfully synthesized by a simple solvothermal route. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UVÀvis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and nitrogen sorption/desorption. The resulting BiOBr x I 1-x samples were phase-pure and of three-dimensional (3D) microspheres composed of nanoplates. The samples with different x values exhibited composition-dependent absorption properties in the visible light region and the bandgaps were estimated to be between 1.89 and 2.53 eV. Rhodamine B (RhB) photocatalytic degradation experiments showed that these samples possessed excellent and composition-dependent performance. The highest catalytic performance of the 3D BiOBr 0.2 I 0.8 microspheres may derive from a synergetic effect, including higher surface area, porous structure, and enhancement of light absorbance. Moreover, on the basis of the analysis of the valence band and conduction band, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic activity of BiOBr x I 1-x samples was also proposed.

We describe several methods of evaluating the surface fractal dimension of porous media. These include the thermodynamic method and the fractal version of Frenkel-Halsey-Hill theory. Neither method yields accurate estimates of the fractal dimensions of porous solids under the whole range of experimental scales. We propose a modified thermodynamic method that is relatively simple but is significantly more accurate than Neimark's relation from the adsorption experiments. Then we use these methods to estimate the surface fractal dimension of several kinds of porous media. After a concrete analysis of the properties of topology and mercury porosimetry, N 2 adsorption, and N 2 desorption processes for porous media, we conclude that the real surface fractal dimension should be determined by D abs (from the adsorption isotherm), D des (from the desorption isotherm), and D m (from the mercury porosimetry) jointly as D real ) D abs + (D m -D des ).

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